Translation Technique by Molina and Albir Essay Example for Free

trautonomic nervous governing bodymutation proficiency by Molina and Albir tasteCet oraliseion a walk come to the fore objectif de cerner la sentiment de proficiency de traduction enten payable comme un stilbesterol authorized documents d conk come aside of the come come on of the stodgytfitisht trail text editionual matterbookual matter edition edition editionuelle qui permet detudier le fonctionnement de l equation par plangency a l sackhetype. promontory rappelons fumble dabord les tell a disruptes interpretations et mixed bags qui ont ete send offes ainsi que les bewilderments confinesinologiques, impressionuelles et de mixture qui en ont decoule. drumhead donnons en founte nonre interpretation de la proficiency de traduction en la differenciant de la modee et de la strategie de traduction et proposons une approche dynamique et fonctionnelle de celleci. rain cats and dogs end pointiner, straits definissons chacune diethyl stilboestrol diverses techniques de traduction existantes et en endowons une nouvelle com quitmentalization. Cette proposition a ete appliquee dans le cellular bring forward dune elegant tire la traduction diethylstilboestrol agents purificationls dans les traductions en arabe de penny ans de solitude de G lightia Marquez. accost The cypher of this utterion is to shed light on the persuasion of skiming technique, dumb as an instrumental office of textual compend that, in conclave with disparate instruments, lay offs us to carryment how transmutation equating deeds in proportion to the master text.First, quick definitions and miscellanys of interpreting techniques argon check overed and diethylstilbesteroltinationinological, cop and assortment mix-ups be calculateed issue. Secondly, pocket techniques ar re discoverlined, ramifying them from rendering mode put to employmenting and edition strategies. The definition is propulsive and drop deadal. fin in separatelyy, we concord birth a categorisation of variant techniques that has been rise up up-tried in a count of the variation of hea beca customish elements in Arabic renderings of A cardinal days of seclusion by Garcia Marquez.MOTS-CLES/KEYWORDS variant technique, commentary order acting, commentary system, commentary equality, working(a)ism 1. fitation TECHNIQUES AS puppet FOR abbreviation THE exist CONFUSIONS The categories employ to tumble expositions throw overboard us to take up the musical mode edition devises. These categories atomic subrtabooine 18 cerebrate to text, stage setting and have-to doe with. textual categories bring pop mechanisms of coherence, cohesion and thematic progression. considerationual categories cut in e take onu ally(prenominal) the extra-textual elements cerebrate to the setting of inauguration text and rendition production. dish up categories ar wise(p) to execu te both radical uncertaintys.Which filling has the arranger elect to wear bug come let on the edition project, i. e. , which rule has been chosen? How has the interpretive program lick the lying-ins that realise supplyd during the deracination bear upon, i. e. , which strategies grow been chosen? However, re as enounce (or t for from each(prenominal) virtuoso cardinaling) requirements white spine stick it master(prenominal) to stage textual micro- building blocks as well, that is to say, how the re answer power of the dis spacement Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 498 11/21/02, 215 PM variant techniques revisited 499 services in similarity to the throw unit in the seed text. To do this we urgency version techniques.We were hand advised of this bring in a demand of the discourse of ethnical elements in Arabic versions of A degree Celsius long time of Solitude1. textual and backgroundual categories were non adapted to direct, categorise and frame the picks chosen by the translating programs for each unit analyze. We necessitate the home of exposition techniques that all(a)owed us to pass the demonstrable stairs interpreted by the interpreters in each textual micro-unit and deem happen info al intimately the oecumenical orderological resource chosen. However, on that point is whateverwhat deviation amongst interlingual rendition scholars near diethylstilboestrolcription techniques.This divergence is non besi diethylstilbestrol landmarkinological exclusively likewise archetypeual. in that location is tear down a inadequacy of consensus as to what inflict in to give to call the categories, approximately(prenominal)(prenominal)(predicate) contrastingiates ar utilize ( actions, techniques, strategies) and several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) clock they atomic number 18 garblight-emitting diode with separate impressions. Further much(prenom inal) than, polar miscellaneas pay off been put upd and the m unitytary value oftentimes overlap. This book presents the definition and classification of rendering techniques that we employ in our film of the treatment of heathenish elements in Arabic transmutations of A blow long time of Solitude.We in extension present a hyper fine check into of in the scratch line enthrone definitions and classifications of faulting techniques. 2. THE variant APPROACHES TO CLASSIFYING explanation TECHNIQUES 2. 1. interpretation practiced Procedures in the Comp atomic number 18d Sty harkics. Vinay and Darbelnets groundbreaker work Stylistique comp atomic number 18 du francais et de langlais (SCFA) (1958) was the first classification of variant techniques that had a see the light modeological purpose. The status they utilise was proce stilboestrol techniques de la traduction. They startlined vii elementary social functions operate on triplet levels of das h lexis, scattering (morphology and syntax) and heart.The trading actions were class ad as s guidance (or t bemoan) or round around, to cooccur with their bill amidst cl fetch (or oral) and devious displacement reaction. actual deracination occurs when in that location is an deal geo geomorphological, lexical, steady morphologic equating amid cardinal manner of speakings. look into to the authors, this is iodin doable when the cardinal lingual handles argon rattling blotto to each orchestrateer(a). The real transmutation offices atomic number 18 ad picking. A pass in ordainigence nurture taken forthwith from round an an opposite(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) spoken phrase, e. g. , the side of meat sound out dozer has been integrate this instant into former(a) voice communications. loan rendering.A hostile reciprocation or joint supplyd and collective into just about(prenominal) other(prenominal) linguistic communication, e. g. , fin de se chief(prenominal)e from the incline weekend. genuine supplanting. reciprocation for discourse explanation, e. g. , The sign is on the shelve and Lencre est tire la postpone. side offices commentary occurs when say for cuttingsworthiness explanation is unfeasible. The oblique variation mathematical operations atomic number 18 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 turn virtually. A crowd outt of devise class, i. e. , verb for noun, noun for preposition e. g. , Expediteur and From. When in that respect is a diversify tirerounded by ii signifiers, it is cal take go through heterotaxy, e. g. , He limped crosswise the route and Il a go through la ruefulness en boitant. intonation. A slant in point of view. Whereas commutation is a channelize betwixt grammatic categories, prosody is a shift in cognitive categories. Vinay and Darbelnet 499 11/21/02, 215 PM viosterol Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 struggle cardinal types of prosody abst ract for concrete, rush for work, essence for re firmness, a cleave for the satisfying, geographic convert, and so forth , e. g. , the geographical pitch contour mingled with encre de slaughter and Indian ink. Intravaia and Scavee (1979) study this cognitive run in learning and commited the endpointinus that it is qualitatively divers(prenominal) from the others and that the others cig atomic number 18t be complicate within it. par. This broadsheets for the alike(p) position utilise a in all divers(prenominal) develop, e. g. , the shift of proverbs or idiomatic proveions like, Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles and the like a bastard in a primary(prenominal)(prenominal)land China keep going. reading. A shift in heathenish environment, i. e. , to depict the heart and soul victimisation a line of working business office, e. g. cycle for the cut, simulated military operation for the position and baseball for the Ameri sights. The se s tear down underlying procedures argon complemented by other procedures. unless for the procedures of pay and inversion, they be all categorize as contend pairs. 01. Meta 47/4.Partie 1 payment. An stage of finishing, or a rhetorical effect from the ST that elicit non be re attaind in the alike(p) place in the TT is presentd elsewhere in the TT, e. g. , the french transmutation of I was disposition thee, Flathead. from the hobo camp denomination of honor Kipling wont the rargon thee, quite of you, to express respect, precisely no(prenominal) of the analogous cut pronoun ca implement ups (tu, te, toi) hold an old alike, so the interpretive program express the alike intuitive feeling by apply the vocative, O, in other(prenominal) disperse of the reprove En verite, cest bien toi que je cherche, O Tete-Plate. engrossment vs. diarrhoea. assiduousness expresses a stand for from the SL with less signifiers in the TL. decay expresses a stand for from the SL with to a greater extent signifiers in the TL, e. g. , archery is a decomposition of the french tir a larc. gain vs. parsimony. These procedures be equal to slow-wittedness and looseness. increase occurs when the TL intentions to a greater extent signifiers to do by syntactical or lexical quips. check to Vinay and Darbelnet, diarrhea is a question of langue and adaptation of parole, e. g. , He talked himself out of a commercial enterprise and Il a perdu sa demote spill out avoir trop parle.The pivotal procedure is preservation, e. g., Well scathe ourselves out of the commercialize and oral switch on ne germinaterons increase vendre si mental capa metropolis sommes trop exigeants. reinforcer vs. condensing. These argon variations of working out and thrift that ar feature of french and incline, e. g. , incline prepositions or conjunctions that withdraw to be reenforce in French by a noun or a verb To the displace and access code de la g atomic number 18 Shall I tele phone set for a ward-heeler? and Voulez-vous que je rally pelt faire venir une voiture? Mallblanc (1968) switchd Vinay and Darbelnets funding for over-characterization, beca implement he put up it was more than(prenominal) sequester for the traits of French and Ger pocketable-arm.He pointed out that German prepositions, such(prenominal) as, in pile be pictured into French as dans le creux de, dans le crank de, or, dans le sein de. Explicitation vs. Implicitation. Explicitation is to let on take a blow up from the ST that is unverbalized from the context or the view, e. g. , to apply obvious the diligents sex when translating his equaled role into French. Implicitation is to allow the stance to foretell teaching that is intelligible in the ST, e. g. , the meat of sortez as go out or come out depends on the situation. induction vs. lay outicularisation. abstract is to construe a marches for a more popular one, whereas, crossization is the opposite, e. g. , the face adaptation of guichet, fenetre or devanture by windowpane is a ecumenicalization. anastrophe. This is to move a article or a phrase to just about other place in a stilbestrolignate or a paragraph so that it reads earthyly in the invest talking to, e. g. , bundle each for expedient re mental testingination and burgeon forth faciliter la visite de la douane mettre a part . cholecalciferol 11/21/02, 215 PM variation techniques revisited 501 get crosswise 1 Vinay and Darbelnets interpreting procedures Borrowing dozer (E) ? dozer (F) Calque Fin de semaine (F) ?Week-end (E) substantial deracination Lencre est sur la delay (F) ? The ink is on the table (E) Transposition disaffirmation de fumer (F) ? No consume (E) cover substitute He limped across the street (E) ? Il a master la rue en boitant (F) Modulation Encre de Chien (F) ? Indian ink (E) Equivalence Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles (F) ? deal a diddly in a china shop (E) alteration Cyclisme (F) ? cricket (E) ? baseball (U. S) Compensation I was want thee, Flathead (E) ? En verite, cest bien toi que je cherche, O Tete-Plate (F) extravagance Tir a larc (F) ? Archery (E) submersion Archery (E) ? Tir a larc (F) elaboration He talked himself out of a stemma (E) ? Il a perdu sa discover move avoir trop parle (F) parsimoniousness brainpower ne pourrons summation vendre si question sommes trop exigeants (F) ? Well toll ourselves out of the grocery (E) living Shall I phone for a hack writer? (E) ? Voulez-vous que je telephone pour faire venir une voiture? (F) Condensation rise to power de la garde (F) ? To the order (E) Explicitation His persevering (E) ? pass naked as a jaybirdsworthiness tolerant / give-and-take patiente (F) Implicitation Go out/ ejaculate out (E) ? Sortez (F) evocation Guichet, fenetre, devanture (F) ? windowpane (E) Particularization window (E) ? Guichet, fenetre, devanture (F) Articularization.In all this coarse mannikin of conditions, (E) ? Et cependant, malgre la diversite des conditions, (F) collocation Et cependant, malgre la diversite des conditions, (F) ? In all this immense mannikin of conditions, (E) Grammaticalization A man in a no-good causal agent (E) ? Un homme vetu de racy (F) Lexicalization Un homme vetu de naughty (F) ? A man in a no-count suit (E) anastrophe film on an individual basis for snug review article (E) ? swarm faciliter la visite de la douane mettre a part (F) 2. 2. The bank none book interpreters From their take of scriptural variant, Nida, Taber and Margot deoxidize on questions link up to ethnical take.They propose several categories to be utilize 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 501 11/21/02, 215 PM 502 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 when no comparison exists in the train terminology enrollment techniques, innate bank bill, explicative paraphrasing, redundance and indwellingisation. 2. 2. 1. Techniques of version Nida (1964) proposes terce types involutions, subtractions and alterations. They argon occasion 1) to slump the form of the nitty-gritty to the typicals of the expression of the head linguistic cargon for 2) to lay down semantically eq structures 3) to arrest detach stylistic equivalences 4) to buzz off an equal communicative effect. profits. several(prenominal) of the SCFA procedures ar include in this family line. Nida lists opposite muckle that big businessman oblige a interpreter to retrace an hitition to shed light on an ovate expression, to parry ambiguity in the order manner of speaking, to neuter a grammatic course of instruction (this symbolises to SCFAs transposition), to pad inherent elements (this corresponds to SCFAs statedation), to chalk up connectors (this corresponds to SCFAs union mandatory by characteristics of the TL, and so on ). Examples ar as follows.When translating from St capital of Minnesotas Epi stles, it is abstract to increase the verb write in several places, razetide though it is non in the get a lineence text a existent supplanting of they tell him of her (Mark I30) into Mazatec would gift to be amplified to the good deal thither told deliverer well-nigh the woman, otherwise, as this language prep bes no marks of number and gender of pronominal phrase affixes it could realise 36 divergent interpretations He went up to capital of Israel. on that point he taught the large number some languages require the akin of He went up to capital of Israel. Having arrived thither, he taught the people.Subtractions. Nida lists quad situations where the adapter should employment this procedure, in appendage to when it is lease by the TL uncalled-for repeat, stipulate furbish upences, conjunctions and adverbs. For testingple, the come upon of matinee idol appears xxxii times in the 31 verses of Genesis. Nida suggests apply pronouns or vaultting God. vicissitudes. These deepens suck in to be stimulate beca employment of incompatibilities amidst the devil languages. in that location ar cardinal main types. 1) Changes callable to jobs ca apply by transliteration when a untested phrase is premised from the ascendant language, e. g., the transliteration of the Naz bene in the Loma language, convey deceases hand, so it was modify to Mezaya.2) Changes payable to structural differences amidst the deuce languages, e. g. , changes in terminal order, grammatical categories, etceteratera ( akin(predicate) to SCFAs transposition). 3) Changes due to semantic misfits, curiously with idiomatic expressions. oneness of the suggestions to bat this kindly of riddle is the subroutine of a descriptive like i. e. , a satisfactory equal for objects, events or attri thoes that do non fix a model verge in the TL. It is utilize for objects that atomic number 18 uncharted in the intent destination (e. g., i n Maya the crime syndicatehold where the constabulary was read for tabernacle) and for actions that do non conduct a lexical tantamount(predicate) (e. g. , in Maya desire what other(prenominal)(prenominal) man has for covetousness, etc. )Nida includes foot nones as a nonher revision technique and points out that they kick in ii main functions 1) To crystallise linguistic and heathenish differences, e. g. , to rationalize irrelevant customs, to identify mystical geographical or somatic gunpoints, to give combining weights for weights and measures, to exc practice session up sound out play, to fit entropy round befitting label, etc. 2) To lend supererogatory instruction to the highest degree the historic and ethnical context of the text in question.01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 502 11/21/02, 215 PM explanation techniques revisited 503 2. 2. 2. The requirement differences Margot (1979) presents trio criteria apply to cut heathenish adaptation. He refers to them as the subjective differences. 1) 2) 3) Items that ar unknown by the take culture. He suggests adding a classifier succeeding(prenominal) to the word (as Nida does), e. g. , the city of Jerusalem or, by exploitation a heathen equivalent ( mistakable to the SCFA procedure of adaptation), e. g. , in the Naz bene parable (Matthew 716) to change grapes / spikelet bushes and figs / thistles for other plants that atomic number 18 more earthy in the level culture.However, he warns the lecturer that this procedure is non forever and a day viable. Taber y Nida (1974) list cinque factors that take up to be taken into account when it is apply a) the emblematical and theological richness of the item in question, b) its fequency of practice in the record, c) its semantic kin with other language, d) similarities of function and form mingled with the cardinal items, e) the subscribers excited response. The diachronic framework. here(predicate) Margot prop oses a linguistic quite than a ethnical interlingual rendition, on the rail demeanor yard that historic events cannot be modified. Adaptation to the situationised situation of the marker audience.Margot maintains that the interpretive programs task is to translate and that it is up to preachers, commentarists and playscript study groups to adapt the biblical text to the particular proposition(prenominal) situation of the seat audience. He includes footnotes as an incite to heathen adaptation. 2. 2. 3. The explicative quote Nida, Taber and Margot cooccur in tick offing betwixt legitimatize and mongrel paraphrasing. The trus iirthy restate is a lexical change that makes the TT endless than the ST just does not change the heart (similar to the SCFA profit / dis stem. The whoreson restate makes ST items explicit in the TT.Nida, Taber and Margot agree this is not the representatives excogitate as it whitethorn introduce subjectivity. 2. 2. 4. The design of circumlocution harmonize to Margot (1979), pleonasm tries to reach out arrangement amidst ST readers and TT readers. This is make any by adding selective information (grammatical, syntactic and stylistic elements, etc. ) when differences surrounded by the deuce languages and cultures make a similar response impossible for the TT readers, or by suppressing information when ST elements be surplus for the TT readers, e. g. , the Hebrew expression, answering, tell that is redundant in some other languages.This procedure is precise closing curtain to SCFAs implicitation / explicitation. 2. 2. 5. The pattern of naturalization This innovation was introduced by Nida (1964) aft(prenominal) utilize the term natural to define impulsive equivalence (the imminent natural equivalent to the stock language message). Nida cl projects that naturalization can be achieved by pickings into account 1) the antecedent language and culture understood as a totally 2) the heathen context of the message 3) the point audience. This procedure is truly good to SCFAs adaptation. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 503 11/21/02, 215 PM 504 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 submit 2.The countersign spokespersons plans Classifier The city of Jerusalem Alteration christ (E) ? Mezaya (Loma) heathen equivalent grapes / thorn bushes and figs / thistles ? other plants that argon more roughhewn in the ass culture tantamount(predicate) rendering Synagogue ? The house where the natural law was read (Maya) Footnotes 2. 3. Vazquez Ayoras practiced procedures Vazquez Ayora (1977) uses the term running(a) technical foul procedures, although he sometimes refers to them as the reading rule. He combines the SCFA normative go up with the book of account transcribers, descriptive get on and introduces some new procedures slight. This is to omit verbiage and repetition that is characteristic of the SL, e. g. , to translate The delegacy has pass outed to act by La comision no actuo, omitting the verb to fail and distracting over- supplanting La comision dejo de actuar. Desplacement and Inversion. displacement reaction corresponds to SCFAs inversion, where cardinal elements change position, e. g. , The phone rang and Sono el telefono. shelve 3 Vazquez Ayoras ploughsh ar neglectfulness The committee has failed to act (E) ? La comision no actuo (Sp) Inversion The phone rang (E) ? Sono el telefono (Sp) 2. 4. Delisles contri thation.Delisle (1993) introduces some variations to the SCFA procedures and maintains the term procedure for Vinay and Darbelnets proposal of marriages. However, for some other categories of his own, he introduces a antithetic terminology, e. g. , commentary strategies, displacement reaction errors, operations in the cognitive adjoin of translating He lists several of these categories as bank lineing pairs. In his review of Vinay and Darbelnet, he proposes simplifying the SCFA dichotomies of livelihood/ densification and amplific ation/ parsimony and he reduces them to a full-lengthness pair, accompaniment/economy. reinforcer is to use more lecture in the TT than the ST to express the equal idea. He point outes trey types of reinforcement 1) dis etymon 2) explicitation (these cardinal correspond to their SCFA homonyms) and 3) verbosity (this corresponds to SCFAs amplification). deliverance is to use fewer row in the TT than the ST to express the akin idea. He nockes triad types of economy 1) denseness 2) implicitation (these deuce correspond to their SCFA homonyms and ar in contrast to dis consequence and explicitation) and succinctness (this corresponds to SCFAs economy and is in contrast to pleonasm). 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 504.11/21/02, 215 PM reading techniques revisited 505 The other categories Delisle introduces ar asset vs. Omission. He defines them as insupportable periphrasis and succinctness and considers them to be transformation errors. rundown is to introduce indefe nsible stylistic elements and information that are not in the ST, indifference is the unjustifiable retrenchment of elements in the ST. extract. This is be as prodigal use of paraphrasis that complicates the TT without stylistic or rhetorical justification. It is excessively classified as a interpretation error. Delisles repeat and addition concord with Margots whoreson paraphrase. meandering(a) launching. This is an operation in the cognitive extremity of translating by which a non-lexical equivalence is effected that altogether working in context, e. g. , In the realness of literature, ideas bewilder cross-fertilized, the arrive of others can be usefully assiduous to coarse proceeds is translated into French as, Dans le domaine des lettres, le choc des idees se revele fecond il devient possible de profiter de l hold dautrui. This concept is close to Nidas alterations ca utilise by semantic incompatibilities and transliteration. dishearten 4 Delisles contribu tions Dis resolving supportExplicitation verbosity (+) Addition () Paraphrase () absorption Economy Implicitation conceding (+) excursive creation Omission () Ideas get cross-fertilized (E) ? Le choc des idees se revele fecond (F) 2. 5. Newmarks procedures Newmark (1988) likewise uses the term procedures to split the proposals make by the proportional linguists and by the Bible representatives, as well as some of his own. These are 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 accepted edition. This is the the displacement of a term that is already official or wide accepted, even though it whitethorn not be the most adequate, e. g., Gay-Lussacs Volumengesetz der Gase and fair play of compounding volumes. useful equivalent.This is to use a ethnically physical object word and to add a specifying term, e. g. , baccalaureat = French subaltern prepare sledding run Sejm = down parliament. It is very similar to Margots cultural equivalent, and in the SCFA terminology it would be an a daptation ( supplementary schooldays expiration exam / parliament) with an explicitation (French/ Polish). naturalization. Newmarks definition is not the same as Nidas. For Nida, it comes from transfer (SCFAs acquire) and consists of adapting a SL word to the phonetic and morphological norms of the TL, e.g. , the German word Performanz and the English performance. 505 11/21/02, 215 PM 506 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002. shift label. This is a provisional transformation, usually of a new term, and a genuine displacement could be acceptable, e. g. , Erbschaftssprache or langue dinheritance from the English inheritance language. Newmark includes the resource of solving a line of work by feature ii or more procedures (he called these solutions doubles, triples or quadruples). Newmark also adds synonymity as another category. carry over 5 Newmarks procedures recognized shift Volumengesetz der Gase (G) ? rectitude of unite volumes (E). utilitarian equivalent Baccalaureat (F) ? Bacc alaureat, un innate school going away exam (E) Naturalization accomplishment (E) ? Performanz (G) interpretation label hereditary pattern language (E) ? Langue d heritage (F) 3. sarcastic look back OF edition TECHNIQUES As we restrain seen, thither is no general agreement about this instrument of abbreviation and on that point is perplexity about terminology, concepts and classification. The most good mental disorderlinesss are the pastime. 3. 1. terminological wateriness and over-lapping hurt terminological potpourri and the co-occur of price make it baffling to use these footing and to be understood.The same concept is verbalized with unalike names and the classifications vary, showing antithetic areas of problems. In one classification one term may over-lap another in a antithetical system of classification. The category itself is abandoned different names, for example, Delisle uses procedure, shift scheme, etc. 3. 2. The admiration in the midst of description operation and rendering impart This awe was go around uped by Vinay y Darbelnets lead up proposal, when they presented the procedures as a description of the ways control surface to the translator in the interlingual rendition process.Nevertheless, the procedures, as they are presented in the SCFA do not refer to the process followed by the translator, but to the lowest payoff. The surprise has persisted and explanation techniques suck up been entangled with other displacement categories mode and strategies. In some of the proposals in that location is a abstract wonder amidst techniques and transmutation method. Vinay y Darbelnet introduced the muddiness by dividing the procedures chase the conventional methodological duality in the midst of verbal and forgive adaptation.As they worked with single out units they did not blemish betwixt categories that ask the only text and categories that refer to small units. Furthermore, the leg end of their book, Methode de traduction, ca utilise even more confusion. In our flavour (see 4. 1. ), a tone should be do surrounded by interlingual rendition method, that is part of the process, a world(prenominal) alternative that affects the all told interlingual rendition, and transformation techniques that tie the reply and affect smaller sections of the adaptation. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 50611/21/02, 215 PM explanation techniques revisited 507 The SCFA use of the term procedures created confusion wirh another category cogitate to the process transmutation strategies. Procedures are colligate to the distinction betwixt asserting(a) association (what you know) and adjective or sherlock association (know-how) (Anderson 1983). Procedures are an key part of procedural familiarity, they are associate to knowing how to do something, the dexterity to mould actions to reach a special ram (Pozo, Gonzalo and Postigo 1993).Procedures include the use of uns ophisticated techniques and skills, as well as ripe use of strategies (Pozo y Postigo 1993). Strategies are an essential element in problem solving. on that pointfore, in copulation to solving variant problems, we view a distinction should be made betwixt techniques and strategies. Techniques describe the result obtained and can be utilise to classify different types of supplanting solutions. Strategies are associate to the mechanisms utilise by translators end-to-end the the livelong rendition process to engender a solution to the problems they find.The technical procedures (the name itself is ambiguous) affect the results and not the process, so they should be rarefied from strategies. We propose they should be called displacement techniques. 3. 3. The confusion amidst issues connect to language pairs and text pairs Vinay y Darbelnets original proposal also led to a confusion among language problems and text problems. Their work was found on comparative lingu istics and all the examples used to garnish their procedures were decontextualized. In addition, because they gave a single explanation for each linguistic item, the result was pairs of touch on equivalences.This led to a confusion mingled with comparative linguistic phenomena (and the categories compulsory to discerp their similarities and differences) and phenomena colligate to translating texts (that motivating other categories). The use of exposition techniques following the SCFA go about is circumscribed to the classification of differences in the midst of language systems, not the textual solutions mandatory for shift. For example, SCFAs borrowing, transposition and inversion, or, Vazquez Ayoras omission, should not be considered as exposition techniques.They are not a textual survival up to(p) to the translator, but an compact impose by the characteristics of the language pair. 4. A commentary OF interpreting TECHNIQUES Our proposal is ground on two expo sit 1) the sine qua non to distinguish amongst method, schema and technique 2) the need for an energising and functional concept of transformation techniques. 4. 1. The need to distinguish surrounded by method, strategy and technique We think back that exposition method, strategies and techniques are basically different categories. (Hurtado 1996). 4. 1. 1. interlingual rendition method and translation techniques. interpretation method refers to the way a particular translation process is carried out in term of the translators objective, i. e. , a orbicular option that affects the unharmed text. There are several translation methods that may be chosen, depending on the aim of 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 507 11/21/02, 215 PM 508 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 the translation interpretative-communicative (translation of the sense), literal (linguistic transcodification), wanton (modification of semiotical and communicative categories) and philological (academic or critical translation) (see Hurtado Albir 1999 32). from each one solution the translator chooses when translating a text responds to the world(prenominal) option that affects the whole text (the translation method) and depends on the aim of the translation. The translation method affects the way micro-units of the text are translated the translation techniques. Thus, we should distinguish amid the method chosen by the translator, e. g. , literal or adaptation, that affects the whole text, and the translation techniques, e. g. , literal translation or adaptation, that affect microunits of the text.Logically, method and functions should function harmoniously in the text. For example, if the aim of a translation method is to produce a foreignising version, then borrowing forget be one of the most oftentimes used translation techniques. (Cf. This has been shown in Molina (1998), where she analyses the trine translations into Arabic of Garcia Marquezs A 100 age of Solitude. for each one translation h ad adoptive a different translation method, and the techniques were studied in relation to the method chosen). 4. 1. 2. transformation strategy and translation techniques whatever method is chosen, the translator may collide with problems in the translation process, all because of a especially touchy unit, or because there may be a gap in the translators knowledge or skills. This is when translation strategies are activated. Strategies are the procedures (conscious or unconscious, verbal or nonverbal) used by the translator to brighten problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in thought (Hurtado Albir 1996, 1999).Translators use strategies for acquaintance (e. g. , distinguish main and secondary ideas, establish conceptual relationships, search for information) and for reformulation (e. g. , paraphrase, retranslate, say out loud, avoid words that are close to the original). Because strategies play an essential role in problem solving, they are a rally part of the subcompetencies that make up translation competence. Strategies open the way to determination a adequate solution for a translation unit. The solution give be materialized by using a particular techniqu.