The School of Athens and Raphael’s Portrayal of: Diogenes, Heraclitus,

Raphael was born on April 6, 1483 in Urbino in the Marche region. In 1491 when Raphael was eight, his mother died. Bette Talvacchia, author of Raphael cites that not much is cognise slightly Raphaels personal life because he kept to himself about many things, but many historians believe that his personal life is portrayed through and through his cayings (8). Richard Cocke, author of The Complete Paintings of Raphael states that at the age of seventeen Raphael began to gain popularity as an artist and was, at that time, first commissioned as an artist (Cocke 83). Raphael was known for his historical motion pictures, such as The condition of Athens, the way he painted the nude, and his amazing ability to make colors look vivid using oil paint (Cocke 5). Historical paintings are a type of painting genera that focuses on the story line rather that one specific moment, as in a portrait. Also, when painting with oil paint, it is difficult to make colors bright, so Raphael excel led at that. One of Raphaels styles that he used was idealization rather than realism. Richard Cocke notes that Raphael himself wrote to his friend Castiglione in 1514 about the problem of painting a beautiful woman I use a certain idea, which comes into my mind. (5) Also, many of Raphaels self-portraits show him dressed up as an elegant man rather than an artist, leading some to believe that he did not want to be viewed as an artist (Talvacchia 8). Raphael has an amazing ability to slide by his artwork well balanced and organized (Talvacchia 8). Bette Talvacchia discussesOne of Raphaels primary contributions to painting was to perfect the unison of classicizing technique with the tenets of naturalism. When composing a figure, for example, he referred to the ocular evi... ... century. It is a constant invitation to think, reflect, and grow in knowledge. Works CitedBell, Daniel O. New Identifications in Raphaels School of Athens. The Art Bulletin 77.4 Dec. (1995) 643. Googl e Scholar . Web. 24 Apr. 2012.Cocke, Richard. The Complete Paintings of Raphael. N.p. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1966. 5-102. Print.Hall, Marcia, ed. Raphaels School of Athens. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1997. 42. Print.Kahn, Charles H. The Art and Thought of Heraclitus. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1979. 2. Google Scholar . Web. 17 May 2012.Matthews, Roy T., F D. Platt, and F X. Noble. The Western Humanities. 7th ed. New York McGraw Hill, 2011. 346-55. Print.Sandbach, F H. The Stoics. 2nd ed. Bedminister The Bristol Press, 1989. 14. Print.Talvacchia, Bette. Raphael. New York Phaidon Press Limited, 2007. 8-90. Print.

What Is the Harlem Renaissance, and What Effects Did It Have On Society

What is the Harlem Renaissance, and what effects did it have on society? Harlem was like a great magnet for the Negro intellectual, pulling him from everywhere. Or mayhap the magnet was New York, but once in New York, he had to live in Harlem(Hughes, The Big Sea 1940). When one is describing a fresh and lustrous portrait of African the Statesn art and culture in the 1920s (Rampersad 1994), the Harlem Renaissance would be the most precise postulation. The Harlem Renaissance proved to America that African Americans also have specialized talents and should also be able to read their gifts. The Harlem Renaissance also obtained the notoriety expeditiously that participants of this move needed to modify Americas perspective of dark environments. To sum up, the Harlem Renaissance New Negro Movement was a cultural movement that celebrated black life and culture. This movement assisted in gaining a new significance and vigorous race relation in the United States it awakened black communit ies all over the world-- curiously Harlem to utilize their gifts and talents and make the best of it.Initially, the Harlem Renaissance derives from the fact that Harlem served as a symbolic capital of the cultural awakening-- a dynamic crucible of cultural cross-fertilization. Harlem was reasonably a new black neighborhood in New York City, NY at the time and was already becoming (virtually) a black city that attracted a precious concentration of intellect and talent. In addition, Harlem was more liberal in matters of race than most American cities (although, of course, racism was rampant), New York had an extraordinarily diverse and centered black social world in which no one group could monopolize cultural authority, making it ... ...o have specialized talents and should also be able to exhibit their gifts. The Harlem Renaissance obtained the notoriety expeditiously that participants of this movement needed to modify Americas perspective of black environments. The Harlem Ren aissance will have a lifelong impact on Americawith a legacy that lives on forever. Works CitedArmstrong, Stephen. Student Handbook 4 5 Steps to a 5. New York southwesterly Co, 2004. 1389-257.Harlem Renaissance. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 23 Apr. 2012 Langston Hughes, The Big Sea, 1940 United States History Reconstruction to the Present. Boston, Mass Pearson / assimilator Hall, 2009. 927-354, 357, and 358.United States History Reconstruction to the Present. Boston, Mass Pearson / Prentice Hall, 2009. 927-354, 357, and 358.

Gun Control in Canada Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

There has been considerable debate recently in Canada over the issue of gun confine. The Canadian parliament enacted the Firearms displace to enforce gun control by requiring gun owners to register their firearms. Just recently, the government of Alberta lead in a charge, including five other provinces and numerous pro-gun groups, plain that the law is unconstitutional and intrudes on provincial jurisdiction. They also claim that the act infringes on property and civil rights that are guaranteed in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. sevens contends that the government of Canada is indoors its rights to protect public safety. Pro-gun control organizations, police chiefs and the City of Toronto also back the Firearms Act. The enacting of the Firearms Act by the government of Canada is legitimately constitutional and is within the jurisdiction of Parliament as it only seeks to protect the well being of Canadians. Furthermore, this legislation does not intrude on provincia l jurisdiction because it is a authority of all Canadians rights.The Canadian law that requires the licensing and registration of handguns has been around since the 1930s. The new statute, enacted in 1995 is currently under heated debate, the act extends the licensing and registration requirements to shotguns and rifles. Wendy Cukier, chairperson of the Coalition for Gun Control says, More Canadians are killed with rifles and shotguns every year than with handguns. The ultimate purpose of the Act according to the government is to reduce firearm offences and rampageous crimes including murder. Moreover, Cukier believes the real issue is saving lives, as licensing and registration help make gun owners more accountable. She also points out a list of kids killed with firearms- a boy shot at a birthday party, a Grade 3 student shot as his twin played with a rifle. Gun control advocates may also highlight some other incidents involving firearms including the 1989 massacre at Montreals Ecole Polytechnique that claimed the lives of fourteen women and the recent school guesswork that killed a fifteen-year old student. Ironically, the shooting occurred at a Taber, Alberta high school, the same province that is leading a fight to strike down the Firearms Act as unconstitutional. On February 21 and 22 of this year, the Supreme Court of Canada was asked to rule whether th... ...legitimate recreational pursuits and guns are the tools of some trades. At the same time, guns intimidate guns maim and guns kill. It is precisely because of this paradox that guns are used for true as well as evil- that controversy surrounds government efforts at gun control.It is clear that the new firearms legislation is looking out only for the best interests of the citizens of Canada. ordinary safety and well-being undoubtedly takes precedence to a traditional gun close. The argument by pro-gun advocates that licensing and registering firearms will turn them into criminals is invalid s ince guns have the potential to sternly injure and kill people and thus, should be treated with caution and special care.The Firearms Act enacted by the government of Canada should be considered as a positive touch and not as a law that invades on property and civil rights. The reason why Canada is a safe country is all due to our rigorous gun control laws. Moreover, if this statute was struck down as unconstitutional, there is no doubt in my mind that Canada would head towards a gun culture society that would inevitably lead to more violent crime and murders involving firearms.

Lifting as We Climb Essay -- Essays Papers

Lifting as We ClimbHarriet Jacobs, Frances E. W. Harper, and Anna Julia Cooper are three African American female writers who have greatly impacted the progress of black woman. through their works, they have successfully dispelled the myths compeld about black women. These myths include two major ideas, the first being that all African American women are perceived as more promiscuous than the average white woman. The second myth is that black women are virtually useless, containing only the capabilities of working in white homes and raising white children. These myths caused these women to be degraded in the eyes of others as well as themselves. In Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a buckle down Girl, Harpers Iola Leroy, and Coopers A Voice From the South, womanhood is defined in ways that have destroyed these myths. As seen through these literary works, womanhood is defined according to ones sexuality, spirituality, beauty, identity, relationships, and motherhood. Harriet Jacobs H arriet Jacobs was born in 1813 into a striver family. Her father, a carpenter, was highly skilled in his trade. For the first few years of her life, Jacobs lived a happy, normal childhood. She was fortunate enough to live in the same home base as her parents and her younger brother, William. When she turned six, her mother passed away, leaving her under the care of her grandmother. In her narrative, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Harriet describes her life as a southern slave, calling herself Linda. She discusses the abuse she endured during servitude and how she managed to overcome it. After twenty-seven years of servitude, Jacobs escapes to a life of freedom. She spent the rest of her days working as a reformer, a Civil War and R... ... the strength black women have mentally as well as physically. Their involvement in various Womens Groups has also helped to create a better image for black women. Throughout their lives, they have shown that whatever obstacles a good blac k woman may face, you can never go on her down BibliographyCooper, Anna J. A Voice From the South. New York Oxford University Press, 1988.Harper, Frances. Iola Leroy. New York Penguin Books, 1992.Hutchinson, Louise Daniel. Anna J. Cooper, A Voice From the South. Washington, DC Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York Penguin Books, 1987. 333-513.Pellow, David W. H. Anna Julia Cooper. Notable Black American Women. Ed. Jessie Carney Smith. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1992. P. 218-224.

Essay on Song of Solomon: The Names of a Society -- Song Solomon essay

Song of Solomon The Names of a Society Think of a time when the black fiat was still getting used to the word freedom and the white nightclub hated the thought of it. The book Song of Solomon, written by Toni Morrison in 1977, takes swan in Michigan on the shores of Lake Superior. The book emphasizes the racial and social tensions between blacks and whites between the 1930s and the 1960s. The Dead family goes through many phases of self-discovery through away the story. In an private road to hide his southern, working class roots, macon Dead, an upper-class northern black businessman tries to insulate his family from the danger and despair of the rank and file blacks with whom he shares the neighborhood. Macon can not keep this from influencing his family when he learns that his son has different plans. The book introduces many characters that have received their names from yearnings, events, mistakes, and weaknesses. Some of these names are out of respect and others are given by certain occurrences. Mostly the names are used in defiance to the cracker society. The black society used this term to relate to the white society. The Dead family lives on a street officially named Mains Avenue. The all black doctor in town lived on this street and it soon became known as Doctor Street. Soon it became the unofficial name of the street known not only to the doctors patients, but also to the rest of the black citizens of the town. White legislators soon put a stop to the preposterous naming of the street and posted notices forbidding incorrect references to it in the black neighborhood. The notices stated that the avenue would always be known as Mains Avenue and not Doctor Street(p. 4). In a perspicacious retaliation, the ci... ...ack society in those days. They kept and used names that the cracker society would forget about in a few days. By keeping much(prenominal) names the black community quietly defied conformation to the white society. This novel illu strates how the human spirit up can not be dominated. The black community is open to fill in the empty spaces, which the other society is not able to enter into or relate to. When Milkman thinks back of all of the people that he had met on his journey it reflects the essence of the novel, Names they got from yearnings, gestures, flaws, events, mistakes, weaknesses. Names that bore witness(p. 330). The African American population found a way to allow for life and spirit in a world controlled by crackers. Their defiance shows that the human spirit is unstoppable. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York First Plume Printing, 1987.

Essay on Song of Solomon: The Names of a Society -- Song Solomon essay

Song of Solomon The Names of a Society Think of a time when the benighted society was still getting used to the word freedom and the white society hated the thought of it. The book Song of Solomon, written by Toni Morrison in 1977, takes place in Michigan on the shores of Lake Superior. The book emphasizes the racial and social tensions between dingys and whites between the 1930s and the 1960s. The Dead family goes through many phases of self-discovery throughout the story. In an effort to hide his southern, working class roots, Macon Dead, an upper-class northern black businessman tries to insulate his family from the danger and despair of the rank and file blacks with whom he sh ares the neighborhood. Macon can non keep this from influencing his family when he learns that his son has different plans. The book introduces many characters that have received their names from yearnings, events, mistakes, and weaknesses. Some of these names are out of respect and others are given by certain occurrences. Mostly the names are used in defiance to the cracker society. The black society used this term to relate to the white society. The Dead family lives on a street officially named Mains Avenue. The only black desexualise in town lived on this street and it soon became known as Doctor Street. Soon it became the unofficial name of the street known not only to the doctors patients, but also to the rest of the black citizens of the town. White legislators soon put a stop to the incorrect naming of the street and posted notices persistent incorrect references to it in the black neighborhood. The notices stated that the avenue would always be known as Mains Avenue and not Doctor Street(p. 4). In a subtle retaliation, the ci... ...ack society in those days. They kept and used names that the cracker society would forget about in a few days. By keeping such names the black residential district quietly defied conformation to the white society. This novel illustrates how the human spirit can not be dominated. The black community is able to fill in the empty spaces, which the other society is not able to enter into or relate to. When Milkman thinks back of all of the people that he had met on his journey it reflects the essence of the novel, Names they got from yearnings, gestures, flaws, events, mistakes, weaknesses. Names that bore witness(p. 330). The African American population found a way to allow for feel and spirit in a world controlled by crackers. Their defiance shows that the human spirit is unstoppable. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York First Plume Printing, 1987.

Slavery in the chocolate industry

Slavery in the Chocolate Industry Chocolate is a product of the cacao bonce which grows primarily in the tropical climates of westerly Africa and Latin America. The cacao bean is more commonly referred to as cocoa, so that is the term we will use throughout. Two wolfram African countries, Ghana and the Ivory Coast, play 75% of the worlds cocoa market. l The cocoa they grow and harvest is sell to a variety of coffee bean companies, including some of the largest in the world. In recent years, a fistful of organizations and Journalists capture exposed the widespread use of pip-squeak labor, and in some cases thrall, on West African cocoaSince that time, the assiduity has become increasingly secretive, making it tricky for reporters to not only access farms where humans rights violations still occur, but to then disseminate this information to the public. For example, in 2004 a journalist was kidnapped and remains missing today. 4 more(prenominal) recently, three journalist s from a daily newspaper were detained by brass authorities in the Ivory Coast after publishing an article about government corruption related to the cocoa industry. 5 The farms of West Africa supply cocoa to international giants much(prenominal) s Hersheys, Mars and Nestl revealing the industrys direct connection to child labor, human trafficking and slavery. drinking chocolate contentl The Worst Forms of Child Labor In West Africa, cocoa is a commodity crop grown primarily for export. As the chocolate industry has grown over the years, so has the demand for cheap cocoa. Today, cocoa farmers bargonly make a living selling the beans and often resort to the use of child labor in order to keep their prices competitive.The children of West Africa be surrounded by intense poverty and most begin working at a young age to help support their family. Some children end up on the cocoa farms because they need work and they are told the pay is reasoned. Other children are sold by their own relatives to traffickers or to the farm owners, and it has also been authenticated that traffickers often abduct the young boys from small villages in neighboring African countries, such as Burkina Faso and Mali. 3 Once they afford been taken to the cocoa farms, the children may not see their families for years, if ever.When a child is delivered to the farm by a family member, that relative collects a sum of money either up front or at the end of an hold duration of labor. Unfortunately, the relatives do not realize that the children will be exposed to a dangerous work environment and deprived of an education. Most of the children are between the ages of 12-16, but children as young as 7 have end up working on the cocoa farms through adulthood. A childs workday begins at sunrise and ends in the evening. The children climb the cocoa trees and shrink the bean cods using a machete.These large, heavy, dangerous knives are the standard tools for children on the cocoa farms. Once the bean pods have been cut from the trees, the children pack the pods into large sacks and carry or rag them through the forest. Some of the bags were taller than me. It took two people to put the bag on my head. And when you didnt hurry, you were beaten. 2 Aly Diabate, former cocoa slave. Holding a single large pod in one hand, the children strike the pod with the machete and pry it open with the tip of the blade, exposing the cocoa beans. Each strike of the machete has the potential to severely cut a childs fingers or hand.Virtually every child has scars on the hands, arms, legs or shoulders from accidents with the machete. In addition to the hazards of using a machete, children are also commonly exposed to gricultural chemicals on the West African cocoa farms. 3 Tropical regions such as the Ivory Coast consistently have to deal with prolific insect populations and choose to sprayer the pods with large amounts of industrial agricultural chemicals. Without protective equipment, c hildren as young as 12 spray the pods with hazardous chemicals. 6 The farm owners often provide the children with the most tacky food available, such as corn paste and bananas. 2 In some cases, the children sleep on wooden planks in small windowless buildings with no access to gaudy water or sanitary athrooms. 2 Again, they may live in these conditions for months or even years. Most of the children are unable to attend school while they are working, which is a violation of the International Labor Organization (ILO) child labor standards. Depriving these children of an education has m some(prenominal) short-term and long-term effects on their lives. The children of the cocoa farms have little hope of ever breaking the cycle of poverty.Slavery In recent years, cases have been documented in which children and adults on cocoa farms were retained against their will and agonistic to work. 2 While the term slavery has a variety of historical contexts, slavery in the cocoa industry invol ves the same core human rights violations as other forms of slavery throughout the world. chocolate_content3Cases often involve acts of physical violence, such as being whipped for working slowly or trying to escape. 2 There have also been cases documented where children and adults were locked in at night to prevent them from of my life.I had seen others who tried to escape. When they tried they were severely beaten. 2 Drissa, a recently freed cocoa slave who had never even tasted chocolate, xperienced similar good deal and when asked what he would tell the people who eat chocolate made from slave labor, he replied that the people enjoyed something that he suffered to make, adding When people eat chocolate they are consume my flesh. 8 Is Slave-free Chocolate Possible? To date, relatively little progress has been made in reducing and eliminating child labor and slavery in the cocoa industry of West Africa.The governments of Ghana and the Ivory Coast lack the resources needed to pro perly investigate and prosecute exerciseers who violate international labor laws. At the very least, they have agreed to ork to eliminate what the ILO calls the overcome forms of child labor. These are defined as practices interchangeablely to harm the health, safety or morals of children and include the use of hazardous tools and any work that interferes with Currently, the vast majority of children on West African cocoa farms endure the worst forms of child labor every day.Despite their role in add to child labor, slavery, and human trafficking, the chocolate industry has not taken significant steps to remedy the problem. A series of alliances and oversight boards may create good public relations, but cloud the fact hat the industry has the power to end the use of child labor and slave labor by gainful cocoa farmers a living wage for their product. The chocolate industry is also being called upon to develop and financially support programs to rescue and rehabilitate children who have been sold to cocoa farms.To date, the industry has not committed to developing such a program. 9 chocolate_content2Are the Labels on Chocolate Meaningful? Aside from large-scale production in West Africa, a significant amount of cocoa is also grown in Latin America. This is where the majority of organic cocoa originates. 10 At this time, child labor and/or slave labor have not been documented on these cocoa farms. While it remains possible that some Latin American farms may employ these practices, it is unlikely and certainly not widespread as is the case in West Africa.The truth is that consumers today have no sure way of penetrating if the chocolate they are buying involved the use of child labor or slave labor. There are many different labels on chocolate bars today, such as Fair Trade Certified, however, no single label can guarantee that the chocolate was made without the use of exploitive labor. In 010, the founders of the Fair Trade Certification process had to sus pend several of their West African suppliers due to evidence that they were using child labor. 3 address the root causes of the worst forms of child labor and slavery in West Africa. However, the success of these efforts will depend greatly on the genuine support or lack so from the chocolate industry over the coming years. Recommendations It is important to offer ways in which people can make decisions to do their best to not contribute to injustices and cruelties involved in the food industry. This issue is a ery difficult one to fully access as the most serious abuses are taking authority across the world.However, that does not mean our responsibility is diminished since chocolate is indeed a luxury (though some might feel differently) and not a exigency like fruits and vegetables. Taking all of this into consideration and looking at the research that is available, at this time F. E. P. recommends that people do not buy any chocolate sourced from areas in West African where ch ild slavery is the most pervasive. Questions What are the systemic, corporate and individual ethical issues raised by this case? In your view, is the winning of child slavery discussed in this case absolutely wrong nomatter what, or is it only relatively wrong, i. e. , if one happens to live in a society (likeours) that disapproves of slavery? 3. Who shares in the moral responsibility for the slavery occurring in the chocolateindustry African farmers? African governments? American chocolate companies likeHershey, Mars, Nestle and Kraft foods? Distributors like Archer Daniels Midland Co. ,Barry Callebaut, and Cargill Inc? Consumers like you and I who know about thesituation but continue to purchase tainted chocolate?

Social Exclusion and Disability

The convention to give right to disable ppl should be supported with capacity building on different levels in the g overnment as well as the private sector. it is estimated that a large number of women in Pakistan are having various forms of disability. In our friendship women are already considered weak and disability adds to their woes,women having disability in our country is considered as double disability. steps il be taken for anti discrimination of disabled ppl.. n swat A large group of disabled persons staged a protest in Mingora on Thursday over governments alleged indifference towards ensuring their rights. govt promised to give faculties like production line opportunity to disability card holder issued by the National Database and Registration Authority. however 2 years stick passed but nothing was done. these disable ppl wanted to stand on thr own feet and earn there living but they werent provided wid job opportunites or equal right to receive education. ocational ce ntres were demanded where they can learn some practical skills. they give tongue to that there are not being but askng govt of pakistan to strt a realistic programme,which enables us to learn,work and earn. Some people from the government agree that government is not successful in providing the disable people with their rights. They agree that people have equal right as they are in any case part of the society,they agree that disable people are not considered prefect for the society ,if given chance they allow prove capable to be fit in society.Special Persons Development Association president Mr Daudzai said his organisation would continue fighting for the rights of the disabled persons. He said physically challenged persons were contributing their due share to national development and progress by serving in many private and public sector institutions. also stated that, disable are not given facilities as given by other countries. UN adopted Convention on the Rights of Persons w ith Disabilities 2006 to make legal theoretical account for providing PWDs equal opportunities in every sphere of life.Pakistan being signatory to this convention had taken a number of steps to facilitate such persons. Disabled Persons (Employment and Rehabilitation) commandment fixed the responsibility of the State toward the prevention of disabilities protection of of persons with disabilities and provision of medical care, education, training, employment, and rehabilitation to the persons with disabilities. rights

Criminal Law Intoxication Essay

For hundreds of years, it has been assumed that individuals behave more aggressively while chthonian the influence of alcohol. Alcohol related curses cost the UK taxpayer 1.8 billion on average per year . However, society has taken an ambivalent attitude towards poisoning. Alcohol consumption is broadly speaking depicted as a puritanical moral barrier used to escape pain and the harsh realities of life. Intoxication buttocks conversely be visualised as a sign of weakness, impeding human answer leading individuals to behave in an un pleasant manner. Does this lack of consistency in societys opinion reflect the clarity of the integrity as regards to when intoxication hindquarters be a falsifying?Drunkenness was a crime punishable by imprisonment in the form of stocks or a fine from 1607 to 1828. The law in this field of honor concentrates on whether the accused who committed the prohibited act, has the necessary mens rea imputable to voluntary or automatic intoxication. T here be devil extreme set outes that the law could follow on intoxication the strict internal theory emphasizes the suspect lacked the undeniable mens rea and supports the idea of absolute acquittal from indebtedness. The absolutist policy theory highlights the importance of public protective covering and endorses punishment.This arena consisting of the two aforementioned rationales have created a tangled web that leaves numerous oppugns unanswered. The law has tried to achieve an intermediate compromise, rejecting both theorems in favor of adopting different strategies for each criminal offence. An initial peculiarity has to be drawn between creation rummy and being stimulate. It was express in R v Sheehan and Moore that a drunk feeling is nevertheless an intent. A drunken individual would not be able to use the defence of intoxication, as he is still capable of forming the necessary mens rea. The field of R v Stubbs say that intoxication collected to be very ext reme as it is impossible to form the mens rea due to the effect of copious amounts of alcohol.This essay volition check everywhere the situations when intoxication can be used as a defence, analyzing the purpose in R v Majewski and its impact on the specific and elemental intent dichotomy. The Law Commission has taken a mere(a)-down approach attempting to codify the main principles of the third estate law regarding voluntary and involuntary intoxication. There is an opinion that thither is much in the compensate to commend it but some others have drawn attention to the production of head scratching provisions leading some to question whether intoxication should be called a defence at all. The Scottish Law Commission have recognized the difficulty in enlightening the law and have sound outd intoxication as a complete defence in all circumstances would be extremely serious. To what extent is intoxication used as a defence in criminal law and should the legal boundaries be clearer?Voluntary IntoxicationVoluntary intoxication is defined in the Butler Committee Report as the intentional taking of drink or a drug knowing that it is capable in sufficient quantity of having an intoxicating effect. In reality, the law does not support the stringency of this explanation. The main rationale is that the intoxicant must be able to impair the defendants rationality and human reasoning abilities. In the case of R v Hardie, the question of whether valium could be classed as an intoxicant arose. The defence was that the valium was only administered for relaxant purposes and according to headmaster Parker, there was no evidence that it was known that the appellant could render a person aggressive. Does this mean the coquet has to decide whether a substance is an intoxicant each for each case? The Law Commission trusts this approach is overall inadequate.The law in England and Wales presumes that intoxication is voluntary unless evidence is produced that allows t he court or jury to conclude that it was involuntary. Recent government proposals refrain from attaching a interpretation to voluntary intoxication, pr level(p)ting the creation of a narrow approach developing. Consequently, voluntary intoxication is not a defence in the law but it can become a mitigating factor and be considered as a fond(p) excuse reducing the echelon of criminal liability. This area has caused serious problems in English criminal law, as it is fraught with ambiguity and uncertainty.How should the law decide the effect voluntary intoxication has on the defendants liability? The effect of voluntary intoxication on the mens rea of criminal acts is often comprised of the defendant fore commanding the consequences or intending their occurrence. The strict subjective theory emphasizes that intoxication will ever so be relevant to the outcome of the case but the absolutist policy theory allows the chess opening to escape liability completely. Each theorem supports contrasting trains of thought and makes the options for shed light on more unenviable and unclear. In an attempt to reach a compromise and stabilize the theoretical problems and public policy issues refer, the law has categorized criminal offences into two groups specific and basic intent offences. Despite the broad scope for divergence, the Law Commission has ap prove the vulgar laws implementation of this central persist bank bill.Specific and Basic Intent DichotomyAll people have the right to a family, community and working life protected from accidents, emphasis and other negative consequences of alcohol consumption. The essence of the law in England and Wales is not dissimilar to this aim in that intoxication can deliver the goods a defence to crimes that are of specific intent, but not to those that are of basic intent. The House of Lords in the leading case of Majewski depicted this approach, which has been dubbed a dichotomy. They declared it must be proved in specif ic offences that the defendant lacked the necessary mens rea at the time of the offence. It is for the prosecution to establish the actual intent of the defendant, taking into account the fact that he was intoxicated. In crimes of basic intent, the actuality that intoxication was self- bring on provides the necessary mens rea. The original distinction between crimes of specific and basic intent initially appeared to be clear the courts did not want a defendant to escape liability for his crimes caused during his intoxication. In practice, the distinction is difficult to ascertain and has created incongruity in the law. The courts also desired the dichotomy to be flexible allowing partial defences and mitigation in some cases.Simester argues this similarity is ill founded, as intoxication is a doctrine of inculpationand work in opposite directions. Simesters thinking regarding the dichotomy is persuasive but I believe clarification is needed before the law can be deemed acceptable. Lord Simon developed another epitome where the prosecution must in general prove that the purpose for the commission of the act extends to the intent expressed or implied in the definition of the crime. Another approach put forward was the ulterior intent test, which was more widely accepted. This supports the idea that in specific intent crimes, the mens rea extends beyond the actus reus and in basic intent crimes, the mens rea goes no further than the constituents in the actus reus. However, the most prevalent explanation, the audacity test, which was given by Lord Elwyn-Jones and later approved in the House of Lords decision in the case of R v Caldwell. An individual is Caldwell- eccentric person wise if the risk is obvious to an ordinary prudent person who has not given thought to the possibility of there being any such risk, or if the individual has recognized that there is some risk and has nevertheless persisted in his actions.This test states intoxication can only be rele vant to crimes that require proof of intention and it is immaterial to crimes that are committed recklessly. Lord Diplock took the objective view that classification of offences into basic or specific intent was irrelevant where recklessness was satisfactory to form the mens rea. However, the distinction between the varying offences is important if the intoxicated person who is charged with an offence of basic intent has thought to the highest degree a possible risk and wrongly concluded it to be negligible. In this case, there is a lacuna in the recklessness test. The defendant would be acquitted unless convicted under the Majewski ruling on the foundation garment that the actus reus of an offence of basic intent has been committed. Lord Edmund-Davis dissented arguing however grave the crime charged, if recklessness can constitute its mens rea the fact that it was committed in drink can afford no defence.Is this too harsh to adhere to the justice entitle in the English legal sys tem? The case of R v Heard, the Court of Appeal rejected the recklessness test in favor of the nonrandom intent and ulterior intent test. The judgment contains vast amounts of ambiguity with the difficulty of fitting an offence into a single pigeon hole. The recklessness test was finally support in the 1980 Criminal Law Revision Committee Report and provided an ample explanation for voluntary intoxication. The offence of rape provides a good illustration of the difficulties involved in the recklessness test. The case of R v Fotheringham concerned the rape of a 14-year-old girl by an intoxicated husband who mistakenly underwent sexual copulation in the belief that the girl was his wife.The offence of rape at that time could be committed recklessly but this has been altered to the principle of reasonable belief. The court had to decide whether the defendant had an intention to carry out unlawful sexual intercourse or whether recklessness was sufficient for conviction. Public policy of protection triumphed over the strict subjective theory where intoxication would prevent liability and defined rape as a basic intent offence. The modern case of R v Rowbotham (William) concerning the offences of murder, arson with intent to endanger life and burglary were invalidated where defence expert evidence showed the defendants mental abnormalities combined with extreme intoxication had prevented him from forming the specific intent necessary. This case illustrates the dichotomy is still used by courts today despite aspirations for reform.Involuntary IntoxicationThe courts have taken a dec eminence approach to defendants who have become intoxicated through no fault of their own. The most common cases of involuntary intoxication involve intoxication that is unknowingly induced by a third party. The main principle is that a defendant will not be held nonresistant for any crimes they carried out while involuntary intoxicated. Their transparency and lack of knowledge shield s their ability to form the necessary mens rea. This is not a blanket rule and there are various requirements as to what satisfies the definition of involuntary intoxication. Lord Mustill in R v Kingston set forth the phenomenon as a temporary change in the mentality or nature of the respondent, which lowered his ability to resist temptation so far that his desires overrode his ability to control them. He declared the Court of appeal supported the view that protection flows from the general principles of the criminal law, but what exactly does the term general entail?The first criterion is that the defendant cannot claim they are involuntarily intoxicated if they were misinformed about the description or specific alcohol content. This is illustrated in R v Allen where a man was convicted of indecently assaulting his neighbour even though he had no knowledge of the high alcohol content of the home made wine that he was drank at home having returned from the pub. The second criterio n imposed by the courts is that the defendant must have been intoxicated to the point where it would be impossible to form the mens rea to commit the crime. The case of R v Beard created the rationale that there is no remedy if an individuals inhibitions are lost due to involuntary intoxication. This case was more complex as it involved succession of acts the defendant whilst intoxicated, rape a 13-year-old girl, placed his hand on her mouth to stop her from screaming, and thus suffocating her resulting in her conclusion. The exertion judge at first instance erred in applying the test of insanity to a case of intoxication, which did not amount to insanity. Has the ambiguity in this case been eradicated?A young paradigm of involuntary intoxication can be seen in the Kingston case involving a situation where a 15-year-old boy was drugged and indecently assaulted after the defendants drink was spiked. The trial judge directed the jury to convict if they found that the defendant had assaulted the boy pursuant to an intent resulting from the influence of the intoxication. The Court of Appeal upheld the appeal on the basis that it was the defendants operative fault. smith has depicted this outcome as surprising, dangerous and contrary to principle. The opinion of the House of Lords, who took a narrow view of blame, was Smiths preferred election but others favor the creation of a new common law defence determined by character assessment. Sullivan has described this as comparing the defendants settled character with their intoxicated character.If the character is destabilized, he should have an excuse. Should the blame not be directed at the 3rd party instead of the defendant though? This method creates a schism between the relevant blame and moral fault. As a consequence, mens rea is being given a more normative meaning negating its cognitive counterpart. However, the Commission is adamant to reject the creation of a new approach and wishes to give statutory ef fect to the decision in Kingston. They believe that there should be no defence or reduced inhibitions or blurred perception of morality where the defendants condition was caused by involuntary intoxication. Only time will tell, if the legal reform bodies will cling to their orthodoxy or embrace change.Dutch fortitude and diseases of the mindTo what extent is alcohol-related crime attributable to those with already dysfunctional lives, with a propensity to problematic behaviors, rather than apparently normal people engaging in criminal acts when intoxicated? The union of actus reus and mens rea is known as contemporaneity. It is necessary to establish for a conviction to be successful. However, the Dutch courage rule, where the accused gets into a drunken state after deciding to commit a crime, is an exception to this principle. It was decided in Attorney General for Northern Ireland v Gallagher that the accused would be liable for the crime even though they were too drunk to satisf y the required mental element. Lord Denning declared the wickedness of his mind before he got drunk is enough to condemn him. Although, it has been recognized that it is almost inconceivable that the case envisaged could ever arise. The sale and consumption of alcohol are legal so should we accept the consequences of hurt responsibility as a cause of criminal activities if perpetrated whilst under the influence?There has been more discussion surrounding the affiliation between alcohol and diseases of the mind. The case of R v Dietschmann concerned a defendant who was intoxicated at the time of the killing that suffered from a mental abnormality due to a recent bereavement. Lord Hutton said drink cannot be taken into account as something which contributed to his mental abnormality. The main principle is that drunken defendants are not excluded from pleading diminished responsibility or insanity if they suffer from mental abnormalities. Ashworth believes the task of the jury to deci de whether the mental abnormality affected the mens rea is fearsomely difficult. Medical experts to some extent aid the task of the jury but the margin for error is significant as the effect of drink and drugs is unique to every individual. It has also been argued that there could potentially be a genetic predis posture to alcoholism but the scope of this is unknown.Tolmies conceptualizations of the disease model and the habit model are eccentric and provide light recovery from psychoanalytic evaluations. I particularly enjoy the fact that she has highlighted the importance of normal human processesand bad choices, which are often overlooked. She concentrates on the need for treatment for defendants and does not fall into the trap of defining intoxication as an express defence. The current position of the law in this area is unfair as it deforms other doctrines, supports unprincipled sentencing and punishes some defendants far more than they deserve. Adoption of a generic, doctrinal mitigating excuse of partial responsibility with application to all crimes would solve these problems. This alternative option would function in a similar manner to the not proven verdict used in Scotland. In the end, to provide blame and punishment reduction based on fair responsibility ascription will not support a denial of responsibility.ReformCertain statutes expressly state that a defendant has a defence if they possess particular beliefs. Does this apply where a belief is acquired through intoxication? There is only one type of case where an intoxicated belief can be used as a defence. In the case of Jaggard v Dickinson, the defendant appealed against a conviction of reckless criminal damage to property. The accused, owing to voluntary intoxication, mistakenly but honestly believed that she was damaging the property of a friend and that they would have consented to her doing so. A major anomaly in the law is found when the approach taken in Jaggard is contrasted with that t aken in Majewski where the Criminal Justice Act 1967 was not relied upon. Wells has commented that it is difficult to see howthe sections perform any different function. The area surrounding drunken mistakes is just one theme encircled with uncertainty. There has been much discussion of reform regarding the position of intoxication in the law. The concepts of basic and specific intent are ambiguous, confusing and misleading. The Law Commission has created a proposal to abandon them but the substance of the distinction has been retained. The main question regarding the specific and basic intent dichotomy is the affect it has on the voluntary intoxicated defendants liability.The blameworthiness of the defendant is expressed by an evaluation of criminal liability. An enlightened system of criminal justice should respond differently to common criminals and voluntary intoxicated defendants. If a man commits injury when intoxicated, should society take steps in the framework of the crimi nal law to prevent him? Judicial insistence upon the requirement of mens rea might remove the problem of unsociable drinking but alternatives will not develop if the courts allow these problems to be thrust upon them. The Majewski decision has been criticized as it allows conviction for causing harm where mens rea has not been formed. This is even the case where a defendant is convicted of a basic intent offence instead of a stricter specific intent offence. The House of Lords decision acknowl edge the principle of allowing intoxication to be adduced to show that the mens rea for specific intent offences did not exist.They were persuaded by policy objectives to convict of basic intent offences despite the intoxication. This middle(prenominal) course is acceptable on policy grounds but it fails to accord with the basic principles of justice in the criminal law. Is this a clear and logical compromise? The idea to warm conviction for serious offences without satisfying the criteria of mens rea is conjured. This conflicts with the burden of proof, which is placed on the prosecution. This means the fictitious objective recklessness test allows conviction of offences, which require proof of subjective recklessness. The current rationale of the law is that the subjective reckless involved in becoming intoxicated is the moral equivalent of the subjective recklessness usually required for liability. A further criticism is that recklessness relates to the risk of becoming intoxicated and not to the risk of specific harm being caused.As a result, the liability for the harm caused whilst intoxicated goes against the principle of contemporaneity and is constructive, which is contrary to the trend of current law reform. The English law reform bodies have created proposals to replace Majewski with a crystallize offence of intoxication. This separate offence would remove the possibility of a complete acquittal, which is available in specific intent crimes. A disadvantage to the proposal would be the construction of a status offence with no mens rea involved.This contrasts with previous social policy illustrated in the case of Reniger v Fogossa where a drunken killer was hanged to death to protect human life. However, the Criminal Law Revision Committee rejected the idea of a new offence of intoxication and instead suggested the codification of the law, whilst plausive the reckless test. Authors such as Jeremy Horder, who depicted the Law Commissions efforts as making little effort to discern any deeper principles underlying the common law, have criticized the Law Commission attempts at clarifying the law. The reform bodies now intend to amend their previous proposals and return to the subject with a stripped down approach.ConclusionWhy is it taking an unbounded amount of time to evaluate reform of the law on intoxication when 61% of the population perceives alcohol-related violence as worsening? The bare components of the law on intoxication are co mplex but the added series of exceptions that the Law Commission have proposed to introduce, in my opinion, will undermine the principle of justice in England and Wales. The common law has found a reasonable balance between the subjective and absolutist theories but the midway course of specific and basic intent is not satisfactory. The dichotomy requires the courts to evaluate individual criminal acts on their merits putting them into a category of specific or basic intent, which squanders the courts time and thus, decreases the overall inefficiency of the legal system. Childs innovative approach involving the correlation with subjective recklessness is an alternative to the recent reform proposals.He declares intoxication will constitute fault only where the burden is replaced by subjective reasonableness and if the defendant would have foreseen the risk if sober. The midway course is preserved but in a clear and logical manner without a list of exceptions. However, I disagree wit h Childs interpretation of intoxication as the equivalent to recklessness. I believe more research needs to be given to determine the extent of their connection and ultimately decide whether they are analogous or mutually exclusive. Ultimately, liability is ascertained by the intention element but how can this truly be deduced when automatons are intoxicated? Lady Justice Hallett in the recent case of R v Janusz Czajczynsk commented that drinking to excess and taking drugs seems to us to be something of a two edged sword.It is tempting to view the defence of intoxication as denying a defendant a valueless opportunity to exculpate himself by pleading his own discreditable conduct in getting drunk. However, it is impossible to accurately determine an individuals thoughts at a precise moment and draw a line where a defendants account matches the truth. Simester suggests the intoxication doctrine is reversed to benefit prosecution, becoming constructive liability instead of a defence. I believe there is some accuracy in this initiative but it fails to address the main problem regarding the mental state of the accused.Should there be a common law or statutory defence of intoxication expressly declared? The courts and the Law Commission know the law is not clear and desire to reform the law only after exploring every open avenue. The Law Commission has rightly prioritized consistency, precision and simplicity in their Reports but another round of re-evaluation is decidedly needed before a firm conclusion can be established. We can only hope that time does run out, allowing the reform debate to give the sack sooner rather than later.

Widespread Adoption Of E-Books

E-books could be referred to as digital media that ar similar to print outs. They could also be referred to as books that be in electronic format or version but similar to conventional printed books. As e genuinely aspect of life seems to be undergoing a kind-hearted of revolution, printing industries be not left behind as they are also moving from analog to digital times by offering books online or in other electronic formats. This essay is going to look and discuss in depth about issues that surround its widesp aver adoption.In the beginning there were very few books that were available in electronic format as people were reluctant to adopt them. In most cases it is only books that were familiar and in the normal domain were published as e-books but of late even new books are available in fact, this mode has given new authors a programme to market their work. E-books requires one to have an electronic device such(prenominal) as a phone or a computer to be able to read them an d specific software such as Dedicated e-book reader and Adobe PDF for one to be able to read them. (Viney, 2005).Just like it is the case with other thing, that is having merits and demerits, the alike(p) applies to e-books and these factors in one way or the other affects their widespread adoption according to Bergeron and Blander (91). There are those factors that favor its adoption and these are things like you pile carry around a lot of information on a very simple device such as compact discs and phones. It is much easier to try for information in e-books than in other ordinary printouts as you can go to a specific page automatically without having to turn pages one aft(prenominal) the other.Many publishers opt to publish their books in electronic form because of various reasons such as it is cheaper to publish e-book than to print ordinary books which requires a lot of color and labor. other thing that leads to its adoption world wide is the fact that unlike ordinary prin touts, the case is different when it comes to e-books as you can adjust the font size and backlight to typeface your needs. On the other hand, there are those factors that undermine its world wide adoption and these are things like e-book might require internet connection, requires electronic devices such as phones and computers.Again you have to buy some recommended software such as Adobe PDF reader which costs more than the book itself something that hampers its widespread adoption. Electronic devices are prone to malfunctioning and thus can become faulty anytime when you least expect it and thus it is not reliable. Again this book requires electronic devices that use electric power thus adding the cost of having it plus it becomes a limitation to areas where there is no electricity. In other circumstances, authors effort and time washed-out becomes a waste when their work is hacked by pirates and sold cheaply to readers.There are also reasons such as environmental diversity of end users for example e-books requires situation properties for machines for one to read them like specific resolution of the screen, screen size and other things (Viney, 2005). Again this book requires different software for one to access it on another machine making it very costly when you factor in the cost of the software plus the book itself something that impedes on its widespread adoption (Bergeron and Blander, 2002).Indeed exit from analog books to digital e-books is the height of civilization but as it is the case with new products to have no easy flow in the market, e-book has been no stupendous as there are a number of hindrances that hamper its widespread adoption such as the need for specific reading software that are very costly and electronic devices that consume a lot electricity. Despite this, e-book has its advantages such as it is easily accessible, portable and less costly when it comes to publishing.

Importance of Television in Our Life Essay

Science has made a rapid stride in the 20th century. It has conquered all sphere of life with its blessings as well as its curse. television is one of the most wonderful inventions of modern science. It is the most up to engagement means of communication. Television is one of the largest gifts of modern science. The alone world comes to our homes and we can see the live beam of the news of politics, science, inventions, sports and other important events of the world. It introduces us with the whole worlds civilization, culture, trades and commerce, weather, sports and recreation. Television has widened the horizon of sending news and views to the general masses from one country to another in an attractive and lucid trend through satellite TV channels. Union of different cultures thus helps to break down prejudices and broaden our outlook.It has made the whole world a global village. Television is a media of mass communication and learning. It can educate people on current topic s of the world. By viewing the educational programs, we can enrich our knowledge from every nook and corner of the world. Colourful films and live programs are shown in television. The dramas and the variety shows are the first class entertainments. But the satellite channels often telecast indecent programs. It has become a cultural assault in developing countries.Let us hope our television center will portray the confessedly picture of our country and be the mirror of our national life. A great Islamic thinker Dr. Shamsher Ali says, Television has many good effects but it has overly many bad effects. It fully depends on our adoption and adjustment. Hence the supremacy of the television cannot be ignored. But we should be careful in using it so that we can uphold our own culture and heritage and imbibe only the good things from other cultures.

Exploring The Concept Of Forest Management Environmental Sciences Essay

The wood is a complex ecosystem dwelling mainly of trees that buffer the Earth and back up a battalion of life signifiers. Numerous ecological maps are carried knocked out(p) by the wood. Therefore one must be careful in the managing and conserving of the externaliset. Trees can arrive at environment which in bend meet the sort of animate universes and workss that can be in the wood. However the most of import function trees carry out is the purification of air. Trees are capable of refilling supplies of O in the ambiance and taking out harmful C dioxide, which is done in a cyclic procedure. Other than these environmental functions, the wood may be manipulated to pretend economic benefits by log harvest home which is norm in ally practise by master of ceremonies states across the Earth. It must be noted that economic benefits of the wood may too run to non-timber merchandises. Forest direction is the application of appropriate proficient timbrery rules, patterns, and preserve techniques to the direction of a wood to accomplish the proprietor s aims. Pull offing of a tone correctly may give legion benefits.Guyana is a comparatively little state which is situated on the nor-east seashore of Latin America, along the Atlantic Ocean. It has a entire worldly concern country of 21.4 one thousand million hectares of which 16.9 million hectares are afforested place downs. This marrow that more(prenominal) than 75 % of the state is considered forested countries. As a consequence of holding much(prenominal) a graduate(prenominal) per centum of forested countries, a strait-laced wood direction system is needed. Most of the state s wood are still integral and are non beingness threatened due to the effects of agribusiness. However, the timber of Guyana are being threatened by deforestation. It is estimated that the annual deforestation rate is someplace between 0.1 % and 0.3 % . This deforestation is caused chiefly by the effects of the enlarg ement of the excavation industry. All forest that is non on private belongings is allocated to the duty and is termed province wood. 13.6 million hectares of the forested land is deemed province land. More specifically, 5.8 million hectares of the designated province land are for commercial custom, while 500,000 hectares are allocated for research and protection, 63,000 hectares is outside the legitimate power of the forest service, and eventually, more that 58 % of the province s wood is basically untasted in relation to commercial usage. In Guyana province wood may be of seven ( 7 ) typesPermanent production wood in which the rules regulating thesustainable direction of woods shall be applied.Permanent protection woods and biodiversity militias in which, because ofthe exposure of the forest ecosystem, no tree felling or separate types of wooduse shall be permitted, and in which representative countries of biodiversityshall be inviolate.Reserve forests woods which are yet to be classified, and on which nodevelopment shall be permitted.Extractive woods woods reserved for the sole use of their non-timberwood merchandises.Multiple usage forests woods to be rehearse for the concurrent production andproviso of goods ( thump and non-timber ) and services.Permanent research forests woods devoted entirely to research.Conversion woods woods to be idleed for other utilizations.By categorising the allege Forest proper pull offing and monitoring can be achieved. This is so because assorted classs permit limited activity and besides place type of type of activity done within specific Forest countries. This method of pull offing State Forest with adequate en enduringnessment ensures sustainable usage of the forest. Sustainable usage is all about utilizing mental imagerys in parts that may non impact future coevalss.The proper direction of Guyana s wood is achieved through the application and enforcement of policies, these of which includes reaping polic ies that permits peculiar activities in a given forested country. One of which governs forest reaping licenses. There are four ( 4 ) classs of forest reaping licenses in Guyana wood gross revenues understandings ( TSAs ) appropriates are granted on a rental for 20 old ages or more over an country of 24,000 hectares or more.Wood trim rentals ( WCLs ) licenses are granted on 3-10-year rentals theoretically for countries of 8,000-24,281 hectaresState forest licenses ( SFPs ) film editing licenses are granted on an one-year footing for countries of province forest up to 8,094 hectares in size.Exploratory licenses before a WCL or a TSA is issued, a three-year exploratory period is granted in order to garner all the necessary information for the readying of an investing proposal.In 1998, the Guyana Forestry Commission ( GFC ) introduced a Code of Practice for Timber Harvesting based on FAO s form Code of Forest Practice the codification, which was revised in 2002, prescribes inter nationally recognized criterions for exclusion countries and buffer zones, 100 % pre-harvest stock list, route building, felling, skidding, hauling, operational and camp hygiene, and occupational wellness and safety. Besides exclusion countries and buffer zones, the codification besides restricts logging on inclines greater than 40 % and sets a minimal distance of 10 m between crop trees to minimise the size of canopy gaps. Other indemnity enforced includes the film editing of trees of a peculiar diameter, 34cm. This promotes the proper development of trees that would give graphic symbol and efficient lumber, therefore small waste would be since it would be a offense to log a tree whose diameter is get-goer than that mentioned above.A log-tagging system to help the monitoring of lumber harvest home and cut down il profound film editing has been in consequence since 1999. The Log track System in Guyana provides noticeable grounds on the legitimacy, location and magnitude of fores t operations. The Log Tracking System presently applies to all operations, including those on State Forests, Amerindian Reservations and Private Properties and is linked to the State Forest Permit ( SFP ) Quota System. This is an inaugural to command the volume of green goods harvested. The Log Tracking System is regulated by the usage of Log Tags which are assigned to legal operators at the ancestry of an operator s one-year reclamation of his State Forest Permit license and are available to the operator free of charge.An operator s quota ( forest green goods volume ) is first calculated by a formula estimation of the sustain out effect which considers the size of the forest country and captures the minimal log reaping variables of droping rhythm, droping distance and minimal girth. The quota is equated to the aim of standing trees which will give this volume and it is the figure of trees computed that indicates the figure of tickets to be issued ( one ticket is tantamount to o ne standing tree ) . Each operator is allocated a figure of tags equivalent to his sustained output and is recognised by a alone sequence of Numberss assigned to that operation.How the tagging system works Log tagging is done at the stump where one half of the ticket is affix to the stump at the cut down of felling and the other portion bearing the same sequence of Numberss as recorded on the stump ticket, is affixed to the green goods being conveyed. All forest green goods including logs, timber, hemorrhoids, poles and stations are tagged. It is the alone Numberss of each ticket assigned that indicates who the operator is and hence is able to bespeak the geographic beginning of the forest green goods within the Forest Estate.RecommendationsThere is a deficiency in supervising the activities of individuals involved in the forestry sector. This would promote corruptness and breaching of contracts, in which instance, the policies and/or ordinances that apply to the contract may non be adhered to, which would finally ensue in hapless or weak forest direction execution. This is why there should be proper monitoring excogitations in topographic point. For this to be successful there is a involve for more human resources to take on the undertaking of supervising forest activities.One other weak point in the direction of Guyana s Forests would be the fact that un equal individuals in the lumber industry are issued licenses and rentals, which means that they may non be experienced or educated adequate to set many of these techniques into efficient pattern. Besides, although there is a externalize to place protected countries such as Iwokrama, the country of wholly protected woods is low and there is non adequate control and direction in protected countries. Guyana lacks in trained and qualified forces to help in direction, so despite the fact that direction techniques are in topographic point, the existent execution or executing may non be up to standard. Educati on computer programmes or the usage of good qualified persons should be applied to help in proper executing of direction techniques.INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE OF quality MANAGEMENT china Forest Management SystemIn footings of forested land, china has 175 million hectares of wood and 12.5 billion three-dimensional metres of forest stock. This is ranked as 5th and 6th on an individual basis in the universe. However, despite these facts China is still considered a forest lacking state. This is so since its forest resources merely histories for 4 % of the universe s wood and China s forested country per capita of 0.13 hectares is far below the universe norm of 0.65. Coevalss of over development, disease and fires have reduced its forest coverage to 18 % of its land mass, ranking its 0.13 hectares of forest per capita at 134 globally, less than one-fourth the universe norm.The job of deforestation in China day of the months back to some clip, where the measure and the quality of forest r esources in China aggressively decreased during the collectivisation period ( 1958-82 ) . The tendency farther accentuated at the beginning of the 1980s, insecure ownership rights taking husbandmans to clear woods after the family duty system was lengthy to forestlands. Besides the sustained economic growing of China has led to a rush in demand for forest merchandises. The building roar including house edifice in both metropoliss and rural countries, and the lifting demand for educational and cultural activities have been of import factors driving the shrewd addition in demand and in quality demands for wood stuffs, furniture, paper and poster board. Confronting the ecological effects of forest over-exploitation and the turning force per unit range from the demand side the Chinese authorities has radically reoriented its wood policy over the last 20 old ages, by traveling from a lumber production scheme to resources and ecosystem preservation and Restoration. The recent end of C hina is to increase its forest coverage to 26 % by 2050.In its direction of forest think China has implemented six ( 6 ) policies Natural Forest Protection ProgramThe aim of this was to implement logging prohibition along the upper ranges of Yangtze and yellow-bellied rivers.Conversion of Fragile Farmland to Forest ProgramIts aim was to retrieve cultivated incline land and fragile grain land and turn them into woods or grassland.Desertification Control ProgramFor this policy it entailed an addition in grass, bushs and trees by 5.2 million hectares to halt and change by reversal transition to abandon in some countries. This benefited the ecological environment in that the undertaking country has been dramatically improved with the increasing forest flora screen the income of the husbandmans increased.Aggressive Commercial grove ProgramFor this plan Government designated suited countries for plantation constitution in 18 eastern and southwesterly states, this resulted in an addit ion in the domestic lumber supply and provided sustainable rural economic development.Wildlife preservation and natural militias development planThis is an incorporate direction attack which seeks both impermanent and lasting solutions that shall be adopted in order to react to the clime alteration and cut down the C dioxide content in the ambiance. On one manus, industrial step shall be taken to cut down the emanation of nursery gas, on the other manus, biological steps including forestry-related 1s shall be adopted in order to effectively absorb and repair C dioxide and better the adaptability to the clime alteration.Forest shelter-belt planFrom the late seventiess to the present, a large-scale afforestation plan called the Three Norths Forest Shelterbelt plan was carried out to battle desertification and control dust storms in China. However, few elaborate and systemic appraisals have evaluated its success despite the immense investing in the plan, its long-run, the drawn-ou t country covered by the plan and the importance of battling desertification and commanding dust storms.By execution of these policies china has been able to pull off its forest more sustainably and at that place have been important betterments that are seeable. Pull offing its woods efficaciously is seen as cardinal if the wood sector is to accomplish sustainable development. Returning farming area to forest along with the other cardinal undertakings has already achieved a step of success. The natural woods in the upper ranges of the Yangtze River and colour River are no longer being logged and protective woods have been planted along the midstream and downstream subdivisions of the major rivers in China. Regulations are in force protecting immature woods, natural woods and forestalling the of import protective woods from being logged.The most of import factor in the direction of its forest trades with ownership. In 2003, China launched a reform of its corporate wood term of offic e. The purpose was to promote more single duty and stimulate greater intricacy in forest direction, cut downing the portion of corporate direction. Under these reforms, private persons may now own the corporate woods by subscribing legal contracts and having authorized forest certifications. This confers to the new proprietors the right to use the forest lands for 70 old ages. More rights such as transportations and mortgage are authorized to the persons either bit good. Until now, the corporate woods have tended to be managed ill compared to in private owned woods. Corporate wood husbandmans have tended to reap more and put less. In contrast, when the woods have become in private owned, the forest husbandmans have planted more trees and taken a more long-run local anestheticization in pull offing their forest land.During the reform period, China s forest resources have increased in both country and stock volume. This supporting tendency is the consequence of both afforestation activities and increasing attempts do by the authorities to protect woods with the execution of large-scale national plans concentrating on natural wood protection and plantation development. Despite its positive impact on China s forest resources, the recent displacement of forest policies from resource development to resource protection besides contributes to a farther decrease of domestic lumber supply possible, already tightly constrained by historical over-harvesting and by the low productiveness and inappropriate age construction of bing woods.Within Chinas each territory metropolis, metropolis and county authorities has a forestry disposal authorization, normally named the Forestry Bureau or color Committee. These governments are responsible for implementing policies and ordinances issued by higher-level authorities bureaus oversing and measuring public presentation carry oning forest resource stock lists and forest operations layout steering province forest farms, corpo rate wood farms, and local husbandmans and interceding land term of office conflicts. The message of local forestry agency or greening commissions mostly depends on the local authorities s economic position. Rich metropoliss and counties tend to hold higher capacity and better installations. Every town has a forestry station affiliated to the county s forestry agency. These Stationss assist the township authorities to fix an one-year forestry program, look into afforestation consequences, verify one-year logging quotas and logging sites in woods managed by collectives and local husbandmans, wait on to look into and manage land term of office struggles, protect forest resources, and supply proficient aid to local husbandmans. Most forestry Stationss have low capacity and are ill maintained because of support deficits. Take for illustration Guangdong in China, which is comparatively rich, economically create country with good market entree started their afforestation plan in 1985 where the state achieved its mark two old ages in front of agenda.RecommendationRemoving the logging prohibition and reforming broader forest regulative model, taking into peculiar history how they affect the rights and inducements of corporate wood proprietors, and so one time a sound model is in topographic point, presenting strong steps against over-harvesting and illegal logging.Revisiting the planned plantation plan and measure whether this is the most efficient economically, socially, and environmentally sound manner for fulfilling the future demand of mush in China.Implementing the Natural forest protection plan was based on the demand to stabilise dirts and change by reversal the dirt and H2O debasement caused by unsustainable patterns. Replacing the wood supply with illegally logged stuff from other states merely exports the environmental debasement instead than better upon it. Anecdotal grounds indicates that unsustainable illegal harvest home is increasing in Russia and Asia to antagonize the decreased lumber supplies from the execution if the NFPP. Policies need to be developed to guarantee that the beginning for imported wood is known in order to do the NFPP policy more effectual.Bettering and implementing relevant Torahs and ordinances and policy mechanism. The Forest Law and Wildlife Conservation Law demand to be revised, and particular Torahs and ordinances including Law on reputation Reserves, and Rules and Regulations on Wetland Conservation, Nature Forest Conservation and Forests, Trees and Forest Land Use Rights Circulation must be promulgated every bit shortly as possible. It is to add and escalate the legal commissariats reacting to climate alteration in relevant Torahs and ordinances. Law enforcement system and dynamic supervising mechanism demand to be improved and jurisprudence enforcement and review be enhanced. Tree-planting mark direction duty of the authoritiess at different degrees and greening duty of different sections shoul d be continuously improved, signifiers of countrywide compulsory tree seting be developed and relevant policies be made. Fund and proficient inputs need to be increased and policy support be provided. It is to put up long-run and effectual functional mechanism of China s forestry get bying with clime alteration.ComparisonOverall, the Chinese method of forest direction seems to be more efficient and effectual as compared to that of Guyana. This is made clear when sing the deficiency of security related with the licenses issued in Guyana s forest direction techniques. It tends to deter investings in State Forest Management, because of the short clip allocated for the rentals. The short clip span provides small confidence that the investor will hold continued entree rights to the same grant country in the hereafter beyond the life of the rental. This therefore encourages inordinate logging activities along with other unsustainable patterns. Where the Chinese direction is concerned, th is is prevented because they have extended rentals as compared to the Guyana with clip periods of approximately 60 to 80 old ages in some instances. This prevents the issue of inordinate logging since the proprietors of the rental can non afford to recklessly cut down trees. By publishing rentals for extended periods this put the direction of the forest in the well-thought-of companies given the grant to log, hence if given a 80 twelvemonth lease the company must so pull off logging activities in such a manner that it may be profitable for the allotted rental period. Improper managing of the grant in these instances would help in the hurt of the company.In Guyana there is a deficiency of policies or proper execution in instances of natural catastrophes such as El Nino triping forest fires which can take to big multitudes of woods being destroyed without any agencies of recovery. This is non so in China, since they have in topographic point, a policy that takes into consideration pro per solution to battle effects of natural catastrophe, ( Shelter Belt Program in China ) .Besides in China there is a Conversion of Fragile Farmland to Forest Program which was mentioned. For this policy, the Chinese would works forest trees or grasslands on parts of land that were formally used for farming or agricultural intents which would hold been left after being exhausted to some extent, abandoned, or no longer executable for cultivation. It fundamentally makes usage of that land that would hold otherwise been left unattended. Planting of forest trees in these countries would in bend lead to maximal use of lost land for re-afforestation. Form research done it is clear that there is no such plan in Guyana, nevertheless there were some sum of re-afforestation in the backwoodss but these plans were neer truly analyzed decently to find the effectivity or benefits of it.In China there is a commercial plantation plan where trees are planted in certain countries for logging intents merely. This in bend maintains a systematic attack towards logging. There is a similar pattern in Guyana where there are different types of province wood allocated for different intents such as forested countries that are protected to continue diverseness, modesty woods woods which are yet to be classified, and on which no development shall be permitted and forested countries for logging merely.

Disparity and Discrimination

Criminal Justice System has long been established in order to get hold of all law enforcers and legal officers in the implementation of laws and order in achieving justice. The law provides for strict prohibition of any signs of unfairness. However, the system is faced with issues of disparity and variety that continues to cast doubt as to the implementation of the law. Disparity refers to the idea that individuals who commit the same or similar offenses receive different punishment (Justice Works, 2008).Discrimination, on the early(a) hand, refers to the act of singling out a certain individual or group fro unfair treatment based on race, class, gender, or status (Calderon). In lamentable justice system, both disparity and discrimination are illegal. While disparity may not be intentional it is always unacceptable in the system. Discrimination, on the other hand, is always done intentionally.In addition, disparity is concern with the differences in outcome while discrimination deals with equal treatment (Gelsthorpe and Padfield, 2003, p. 4). In criminal justice, disparity has been ostensible in the juvenile proceedings. According to research, more juvenile minorities have been detained in public secure facilities while whites were housed in private secure facilities (Snyder and Sickmund, 1995). In addition, discrimination is also prevalent because of different treatment afforded to blacks and whites.Disparity usually occurs when more blacks were detained than whites who had committed same crime. Discrimination, on the other hand, occurs when detention of black was based on his race. In avoiding disparity, it is necessary that the legal factors such as seriousness of the crime and criminal history should be considered in the decision making (Calderon). Discrimination may also be avoided by implementing the law equally.ReferencesCalderon, M. (04 September 2006). AnairHoads. Org. Disparity and Discrimination. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from http//www.anai rhoads.org/calderon/disdisc.shtmlGelsthorpe, L. and Padfield, N. (2003). Exercising Discretion Decision Making in the Criminal Justice System and Beyond. Willan Publishing.Justice Works. (2008). synopsis of Racism in the Criminal Justice System. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from http//www.justiceworks.info/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=41&MMN_position=544Snyder, H. N., and Sickmund, M. (1995). Juvenile Offenders and Victims A National Report. Washington, D.C. DIANE Publishing.

Globalization Problem Essay

IntroductionGlobalization has practicall(a)y changed societies all over the world. It has coat the way for the so called borderless economy. With the advent of the Internet, the role of education has dramatically changed the way people personify and do business. As Naval points out in her paper, an immense reduction of time and space barriers among spectacular nations is made possible through interconnectivity. She illustrated that much(prenominal) interconnections result to global transactions being do in the comfort zones of ones home. This distinction of the give instructioning Age provides for handiness to vast reservoirs of knowledge, which is power. 1 It is for this savvy that all nations all over the world atomic number 18 adopting ICT-based solutions to address their information needs in this groundbreaking era of knowledge explosion. In the Philippines, the government anticipated the importance of Information Technology (IT) as archaeozoic as the Ramos administ ration. Ramos in his speech at the First Information Technology and Telecommunications pedagogics Congress outline the National Information Technology Plan (NITP) of the government.He stressed that IT essential be applied to the breeding sector as a means for national strengthening.2 In 1997, the Commission on steeper reproduction (CHED) reported that the General Appropriations Act of the previous socio-economic class provided some funds for the CHED-SUCs cybernation program. Chairman backer C. Alcala stated that majority of the fund was utilise to upgrade the computer capabilities of state-funded institutions. The biggest threat pointed out in the CHED computerization program was the readiness of the people in the educational institutions in the form of computer literacy to cope with the express technological changes. 3 Similarly, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) engaged in its own computerization program. Undersecretary Alejandro W.D. Clemente des cribed the computerization project as two main thrusts, which are (1) improvement of learning/teaching environment and (2) attention of education.While improvement of learning/teaching environment mainly involves direct use of IT tools in the classroom such as multimedia, computer-based training, etc., Clemente stressed that extinguishment of education through IT centers on three groups. These groups consist of pledge staff utilize application programs such as wordprocessors, spread cruises and the like for treat. The randomness group is for the number crunching process such as accounting, budgeting and former(a)s. Finally, the third group affected by IT in educational management is in the area of databanking. Storing of voluminous records such as student scholastic records may be kept and retrieved using computer technology. 4 In addition to government efforts, Malacaang has issued on July 12, 2000, under the Estrada administration, Executive Order no 265, An act approvin g and adopting the government information schemes plan (GISP) as framework and guide for all computerization efforts in the government.The order aims to provide a wide-ranging set of reforms to enhance government efficiency and intensity in its operations and delivery of basic services to the public. Furthermore, the executive order requires all government units to reorient their respective computerization projects to the thrusts of E.O. 265, in like manner known as the Philippine Government Online. 5 In the s jackpott(p) of these ICT undertakings at the national level, nigh specially in the education sector, former birth President, Dr. Ofelia M. Carague was inspired to pretend on a university-wide computerization project to address the information needs of the university, as embodied in the give birth Information arrangings Strategic Plan (ISSP). The ISSP, in general, aims to address the mission-critical areas of the five sectors of the university, namely Administration, Finance, educatee Services, pedantic Affairs and Research and Development.Different strategys were lined-up for the unlike sectors of the university, such as, Admission System (AS), schedule System (ES), student Grades Monitoring Systems (SGMS), etc. under the pupil Services sector.6 Despite the massive computerization program of birth during the early part of the Carague administration, the give birth Laboratory uplifted School plane section was not included in the initial list of offices to be computerized, mainly due to the limited student population. This view was somehow over eject by a fire incident which threatened to destroy the archived student records in the possession of the laid-back instruct record-keeper. This was cited by PUP LHS in its appeal to be included in the computerization project. The polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory eminent School has been in existence for more than half a century since its pedigree in 1954.Throughout its e xistence it has adopted several information schemas, both manual and automated, to facilitate in its day-to-day operations. Recently, the blue instruct department engaged in an upgrading of its Student Information Systems (SIS). The semi-automated operations were replaced with a fully automated dodging known as Laboratory lofty School Student Information System (LabHiSIS). LabHiSIS is composed to two sub schemes, namely (1) Enrolment System (ES) and (2) Student Grades Monitoring System (SGMS). This re times from a semi-automated to a fully automated system entails a lot of adjustments on the part of LHS students, mental faculty members and non-teaching personnel. Thus, the researcher aims to assess the effectuation of the said subsystems of LabHiSIS in order to understand the efficacy of the said system death penalty, using as foundation common good qualities of information, which an efficient or trenchant information system essential provide. The film shall likewise i dentify the problems encountered during the system implementations.Background of the issueThe Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School (PUPLHS) located in the main campus at Sta. Mesa, Manila is the only surviving high school unit of PUP. Previously, there were high school department in other PUP branches like PUP Bataan and Lopez branches. There were some motions in the past to close the department, but it was vigorously opposed to by current sectors of the university citing that PUP LHS is an integral department of the College of Office Administration and Business Teacher Education (COABTE). The latter was founded in 1904 formerly starting as the College of Business Teacher Education while the former was established in 1954 to pioneer a unique commercial course. The curriculums defining attributes are the subjects on dispersive arts, which consist of Stenography, Bookkeeping and Salesmanship, viewed as a tool to make the students more equipped for early employment. The students are required to take one of these as a major in junior and senior year. The curriculum has remained very much intact for the past fifty years with very minimal modifications, like the inclusion of computer subjects.Though COABTE acts as the mother unit of the high school department, certain autonomy in the management of PUP LHS is given to its administrators. For instance, the LHS recorder is not bound to adhere to procedures implemented by the university registrar to the colleges. In addition, since it is under the university system, the high school department also enjoys a similar type of liberty from DepEd regard. The PUPLHS enrollment process employs a typical manual roll process. Despite of this nature, the LHS administration is able to manage the enrolment due to the small student population. The enrolment starts with the filling up of registration forms at designated enrolment centers. Prior to this initial step, old students must be cleared o f any accountability during the previous school year.Next, the student pays Student Council fees a pertinacious with other organizational fees. The third step is the assessment of fees which is manually computed by the teachers themselves. After which, the students must pay the amount at the Cashiers Office located at the main building. Finally, the student has to proceed to the LHS registrars Office for the validation of registration certificate.7 This concludes the manual high school enrolment process, which is less complicated as compared to the college enrolment. Common problems under this situation arise from long queues of students waiting to be processed up to incorrect assessment of matriculation and other fees. The grades of the students like most secondary level institutions are likewise computed manually. The process starts with the posting of grades in the summary sheet which is through with(p) on a every quarter basis by the teachers. Each section has one summary she et to which all subject teachers input the grades of students belonging to the section.The posting of non-academic marks like attendance, conduct and homeroom are also posted on the summary sheet by the section advisers every quarter. Another type of quarterly report being prepared by the teachers is the report cards of the students. On the fourth quarter of the school calendar, the teachers must compute the subject sightlys and post it on the summary sheet to determine those who passed and failed from among the students. This is very polar in the deliberation process of PUP LHS faculty members so that they are guided as to whom are the candidates for kick out or transfer. In addition, the advisers are responsible for the computation of the general weighted average and the posting of academic and non-academic marks on the report card of all the students under his advisory.Next, the teacher encodes the grades of the students to the Student Permanent Record form of the LHS Registrar s office, which serves as the official scholastic record of the student. Finally, the teachers must prepare their grade sheets to be submitted to the LHS principal. The registrar, on one hand, is responsible of producing the Transcript of Records (TOR) of both graduates and students for college application purposes. At this stage, the student grades are encoded to the computer for the very first time. This summarizes the complex and tedious manual process of grades processing in PUP LHS.8 The manual systems in PUP LHS suffer from a lot redundancies. In their manual processing of student grades the only instance where the grades of the students are made in digital form is when the Registrar encodes the grades for the Transcript of Records (TOR) preparation. The rest of the processing stages consist of manual posting of grades unto different reports.When the appeal of PUP LHS to be included in the computerization project was approved by the Office of the Vice President for Finance, th e PUP Information Linkage Systems (PUPILS) was tasked to assist the high school department in its request. The initial agreement was to customize the Integrated Student Information System (iSIS) of the college for the high school unit, but due to some differences in business logic the developers decided to create a system from scratch instead. Development started in April 2002 and the developers active a Rapid Application Development (RAD) strategy in developing its first component the Enrolment System (LabHiSIS-ES). The LabHiSIS package is composed of the followers subsystems, namely Enrolment System (LabHiSIS-ES) a system which handles the registration needs of the students during enrolment periods. Student Grades Monitoring System (LabHiSIS-GMS) a system which monitors the accumulating grades of students.In a perfectly period of barely two months, the PUPILS LabHiSIS festering team prepared a fully functional stand-alone enrolment system. It was implemented in May 27-30 , 2002 to all year levels of PUP LHS. LabHiSIS used a pre-printed implementation strategy. In this strategy, the registration certificates of the high school students were printed in advance. This facilitated the simple distribution of registration certificates to the enrollees during the enrolment proper, which were done by the enrolling advisers. After two years of implementing the Enrolment System in the department, the development team started with the development of the second subsystem. The first implementation of the Student Grades Monitoring System was implemented in SY 2003-2004. Throughout the blameless development phase of the LabHiSIS systems, the system developers were guided by the following system objectives which they envision to be courtly by the systems once operational.The LabHiSIS-Enrolment Systems objective is to automate the enrolment processing by genemilitary rating a pre-assessed and a filled-up registration certificate. It shall also assist with some pre and post admission processing like the generation of unique student number. With the system, the faculty members of PUP LHS would no longer have to manually assess the matriculation and fees of the students. Though it is still not connected online to the universitys Cashiering system, the developers believe that this automation would provide a fundamental improvement to the LHS enrolment processes and, at the same time, introduce computerization to the PUP LHS community thereby preparing them for the second LabHiSIS module Student Grades Monitoring System.The development of the more complicated Student Grades Monitoring System followed a multifaceted set of objectives. The objectives are as follows 1. The Student Grades Monitoring System must automate the unblemished grades processing of PUP LHS from the time of its initial posting up to the generation of student Transcript of Records (TOR) for the departments graduates. 2. SGMS shall produce highly accurate reports, namely Tempo rary Quarterly bailiwick Cards, Final Report Cards, Quarterly Summary Sheets, Student Permanent Records, Grade Sheets and Transcript of Records. 3. The system shall uphold confidentiality of student grades, thus, preventing wildcat access to certain subject matters.The teachers give be limited to the subject assigned to them. 4. The system shall parent a high standard of grade integrity and eliminate the repetitive manual posting/inputting of grades into different kinds of reports. It shall centralize the printing of reports which is the sole responsibility of the system administrators. The administrators, though with access rights to view the grades, have no access rights to modify any of the grade entries. The faculty members are, thus, assured that the grades they have entered are the same grades to shape up regardless of the report type. With this scheme, discrepancies allow be avoided and the faculty would only have to input the grades once.Theoretical mannequinIn this s tudy, the theory of Prof. Karl Weick, from the University of Michigan, known as Information Systems possibleness was used as one of the basis for the study. The theory primarily states that An organization should connect with information processing. Information is the key item that all organizations must possess. 9 According to Sweeney, the theory of Karl Weick can be tested for practical utility. This means that, The more effective communication is, the more effective the organization will be, and as a result it organization will be more successful.10 The theory when properly applied to an organization can increase business control which is one of the fundamental functions of management. Efforts, stock-still, to improve organizational performance do not instantaneously arrive as a result of having computer-based information systems.Prof. N. Kano, in his Theory on Customer pleasure, identified several categories of flavor attributes which influence node satisfaction. He discuss ed the importance of Basic, ardor and exploit Factors as the three attributes directly snarly with client satisfaction. He stated that basic federal agents present the minimum requirements in any product which will cause dissatisfaction if not fulfilled but do not cause customer satisfaction when fulfilled. Excitement factors tend to cause customer satisfaction whenever fulfilled but do not promote dissatisfaction if absent. Performance factors causes satisfaction if the performance is highthey cause dissatisfaction if the performance is low.11 Though this theory mentions of characteristics applicable to a product, it must be noted that software is considered a product. 12 In order to guarantee customer satisfaction the product must be carefully evaluated thoroughly. The Evaluation Theory according to Prof. Mel Mark, from the Pennyslvania State University, as one of its many application provides the important key whether or not to implement a upstart program. In his article Eva luation Theory and What are Evaluation Methods For?, he mentioned that evaluation theory acts as a performance measurement system that can identify problem areas and provide a feedback tool regarding the apparent consequences of a certain decision. 13Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework employs the Systems Approach technique. It begins with the input signal Box, which represents factors that must exist before the study can take place or a phenomenon can be investigated. In this study, the inputs are the respondents of the study and the LabHiSIS-Enrolment System and LabHiSIS-Student Grades Monitoring System.The second case is the Process box. It contains all the procedures taken in the study. In the study, the process begins with data gathering through a survey questionnaire. new(prenominal) information was also derived from informal interview. After data tabulation the next step was the application of a correct statistical tool. Finally, analysis and interpretation was m ade on the basis of the statistical results. The third box is the Output box. It shows the findings of the study regarding the efficacy of the systems. Likewise, it also aims to identify the problems encountered in the systems implementation. A return or feedback cursor signifies the repetitive and continuous nature of the process. After the findings have been concluded a new set of problems may arise which requires another inquiry or investigation.Statement of the ProblemThe study assessed the effectiveness of the Laboratory High School Student Information Systems, particularly its two subsystems Enrolment System and Student Grades Monitoring System. Similarly, it aims to resolving the following specific questionsTo what extent do the respondents rate the effectiveness of the LabHiSIS-Enrolment System in terms of the following software quality attributes1. Accuracy2. Completeness3. Timeliness4. Reliability5. Security6. User-Friendliness?To what extent do the respondents rate the effectiveness of the LabHiSIS-Student Grade Monitoring System in terms of the given software quality attributes1. What are the problems encountered in the implementation of LabHiSIS, specifically its two subsystems Enrolment System and Student Grades Monitoring System? Significance of the Study Change is not an easy thing to embrace. It is the very nature of man to resist change. This resistance is unremarkably due to the fear of the unknown. Information Technology, as a catalyst of change, is a major fear factor for many institutions and individuals. Thus, this study aims to assess the LabHiSIS implementations made to PUPLHS. The main goal of the study is to identify the efficacy rating of the LabHiSIS system implementations. Findings of the study are expected to contribute to the further refinement of the system and its future implementations.The study, upon its completion, will bring in the following stakeholders of the university, namely The University Officials/Administrator s. Implementation problems identified in this study can help twitch management arrive at sound decisions regarding budget allocations, policy formulation, etc. The Academic and Administrative Employees of PUP LHS. Through this research the employees would be able to express their comments regarding the system so that positive changes can be taken into consideration by the developers as a result of the system assessment. The Systems Developers. The developers of the system would greatly benefit from this research mainly because the users response to the questionnaire would serve as a gauge in measuring the system performance. The weak points identified in the study can become the focus of their corrective maintenance of the system.The time to come Researchers. This research can serve as a model for other studies on system implementations that other researchers might want to investigate. It is important to note that through research the precious feedback coming from the beneficiaries or system users could be obtained. In this case, the beneficiaries of the LabHiSIS systems are the students while the users are the academic and the non-teaching personnel. The Students. The last beneficiary of the system study is the students of PUP LHS. They would benefit from the improved service brought about by refinements in the system which is in turn a result of the problem identification and performance appraisal found in this study.Scope and point of accumulation of the StudyThis study is concerned with the system implementation of the LabHiSIS computerized Enrolment System and Student Grades Monitoring System to PUP Laboratory High School in school year 2004-2005. It includes all the following enrolment and grades processing activities (1) Academic Subject Enrolment and Assessment of Matriculation and Fees (2) Posting of Academic Grades and Non-Academic Marks and (3) propagation of Periodic and Demand Reports. In addition, the study includes the system stakeholders, na mely, faculty members, non-teaching personnel and students of PUP LHS. The study is however limited to 2nd year up to 4th year students only as the first year students, in June 2005, still have no knowledge and complete experience with the two LabHiSIS subsystems.Definition of termThe following terminologies were used as operationally defined in this studyAccuracy of information scarce means that the information system is error free.Administrator is in-charge of the system security for both subsystems. As such he has access to all utilities menu commands. Completeness of the information means that all needed details are incorporated in a report or output produced by an information system. Effectiveness refers to the o.k. performance or rating of the system based on software quality factors such as Accuracy, Completeness, Timeliness, Reliability, Security and User-Friendliness. End-users are members of the faculty and non-teaching staff of the PUP Laboratory High School who direc tly interact or use the computer-based information system. LabHiSIS refers to the Laboratory High School Student Information System, a computer-based information system designed to automate the enrolment and grades preparation process of PUP Laboratory High School. The system is composed of two subsystems, namely the Enrolment System and the Student Grades Monitoring System.Reliability is an information characteristic which means that the output or report produced by an information system can be depended upon by its users despite changes in the environment which may affect the system.Security refers to the ability of the system to limit accessibility of the users thus safeguarding confidential or restricted records from any form of unlawful access. Source documents, as used in this paper, pertain to the Summary Sheets from which all academic and non-academic marks of the students are initially posted by the subject teachers from their respective class records. The summary sheet is u sed for reference by the faculty members during the encryption of grades to SGMS.Timeliness of information is about the prompt release or issuance of a needed detail or report whenever it is needed.User Friendliness pertains to the characteristic of the information system to be easily unsounded by the users.Figure 1 Paradigm of the StudyFEEDBACKOUTPUTPROCESSINPUTAssessed Laboratory High School Student Information Systems (LabHiSIS) Enrolment System (ES) Student Grades Monitoring System (SGMS)Solutions to the Problems Encountered in the implementation of the systems.Assessment of the Laboratory High School Student Information System (LabHiSIS) Subsystems Enrolment System (ES), and Student Grades Monitoring System (SGMS).Identification of the problems encountered during the systems implementation1Naval, Victoria C., Rethinking Prospects and Challenges of Globalization in Education, The Mabini Review, Vol. 1. 200111Kano, N., Customer Satisfaction Model, http//www.12manage.com/methods _ kano_customer_satisfaction_model.html, 1984.12Sommerville, Ian A., Software Engineering, 4th Edition, Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 1995) pp. 5.13Mark, Mel, Evaluation Theory or What are Evaluation Methods For?, http//www.gse.harvard.edu/hfrp/eval/issue30/theory.html9Dudas, Marion, Applying the Information Systems Theory to a True Situation, http//oak.cats.ohiou.edu/md413097/is.htm, 2000.10Sweeney, Matt C., Information Systems Critique http//oak.cats.ohiou.edu/ ms101996/is.htm8Gonzales, Jaime Y., interview held during system development start-up, Registrars Office, April 20027Gonzales, Jaime Y., PUP Laboratory High School Enrolment Procedures, 20046Escober, Rosicar E., PUP Information Systems Strategic Plan, College of reckoner Studies, Graduate School, Dela Salle University, Manila, 1999. 2.4Clemente, Alejandro W.D., Use of Multi-media in DECS, IT Education in the Philippines Preparing for the 21st Century, pp.29-34, February 1997.5Estrada, Joseph Ejercito, Executive Order 256, Malacaang Palace, Manila, http//www.neda.gov.ph/ads/gisp/default.htm, 2000.Laboratory High School Student Information Systems (LabHiSIS)Enrolment System (ES), andStudent Grades Monitoring System (SGMS).Problems encountered in the systems implementation2Ramos, Fidel V., Taking the Future in our Hands, speech delivered in the First Information Technology and Telecommunications Education Congress, Dusit Hotel Nikko Manila, February 1997.3Alcala, Angel C., The CHED Computerization Program Goals, Policies and Projects, IT Education in the Philippines Preparing for the 21st Century, pp.25-28, February 1997.